FORERUNNER OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 107 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF LEIBNITZ (1646–1716) 108 1. Leipsic and University Life (1646–1666) 111 2. Mainz and Diplomacy (1666–1672) 111 3. Paris and Science (1672–1676) 111 4. Hanover and Philosophy (1676–1716) 112 THE THREE INFLUENCES UPON THE THOUGHT OF LEIBNITZ 112 (1) His Early Classical Studies 112 (2) The New Science and his own Discoveries 113 (3) Political Pressure for Religious Reconciliation 114 THE METHOD OF LEIBNITZ 115 THE IMMEDIATE PROBLEM FOR LEIBNITZ 118 THE RESULT OF LEIBNITZ’S EXAMINATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE――A PLURALITY OF METAPHYSICAL SUBSTANCES 119 1. Leibnitz first scrutinized the Scientific Conception of Motion 119 2. Leibnitz next examined the Scientific Conception of the Atom 120 3. Leibnitz then identified Force with the Metaphysical Atom 121 THE DOUBLE NATURE OF THE MONADS 122 THE TWO FORMS OF LEIBNITZ’S CONCEPTION OF THE UNITY OF SUBSTANCES 125 THE INTRINSIC UNITY OF THE MONADS――THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNITY 125 THE SUPERIMPOSED UNITY OF THE MONADS――THE THEOLOGICAL UNITY 129 CHAPTER VI. THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1690–1781) 132 THE EMERGENCE OF THE “NEW MAN”――INDIVIDUALISM 132 THE PRACTICAL PRESUPPOSITION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT――THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 134 THE METAPHYSICAL PRESUPPOSITION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 135 THE PROBLEMS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 135 (a) _Utilitarian Problems_ 136 (b) _Questions of Criticism_ 138 A COMPARISON OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND GERMANY 140 THE MANY GROUPS OF PHILOSOPHERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 140 MAP SHOWING THE BIRTHPLACES OF SOME OF THE INFLUENTIAL THINKERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 144