(6) The figure below shows the facial expression of two opposite emotions, as suggested by the natural philosopher and artist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; see A Treatise on Painting, 1877, 65). What are the emotions? Can you offer any explanation of their expressions? (7) Suppose that an actor is to play an emotional part on the stage. Will he do better if he himself feels the part, or if he remains cold and merely simulates the expression of emotion? (8) Can you give instances, from your own experience, of the modification or suppression of movements which naturally express emotion? Does this inhibition of movement affect the emotion itself? Do not generalise hastily; gather a number of cases. (9) Recall some specific emotion that you have experienced. What processes are imaginal or ‘reproduced,’ and what are set up anew or ‘produced,’ in the recall? Write fully and carefully. (10) You have already been asked to discuss the possibility of ‘mixed feelings’ (p. 88). Are there ‘mixed’ or ‘mingled emotions’? If so, in what sense? (11) It is said in the text that no sharp line of division can be drawn between emotion, passion and mood. Illustrate this statement from your own experience. (12) Give instances, from poetry or fiction, of the delineation of practically pure temperaments. References A. Bain, The Emotions and the Will, [1859] 1880; C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872; W. James, Principles of Psychology, ii., 1890, chs. xxiv., xxv.; T. Ribot, The Psychology of the Emotions, 1897; J. Sully, An Essay on Laughter, 1902; W. Wundt, Outlines of Psychology, 1907, § 13; W. McDougall, An Introduction to Social Psychology, 1908; E. B. Titchener, Text-book of Psychology, 1910, 462 ff., 471 ff.; H. Bergson, Laughter, 1911; E. L. Thorndike, The Original Nature of Man, 1913; W. B. Cannon, Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage, 1915. CHAPTER IX ACTION The ordinary way of speaking is, that the Understanding and Will are two faculties of the mind; yet I suspect that this way of speaking of faculties has misled many into a confused notion of so many distinct agents in us, which had their several provinces and authorities, and did command, obey, and perform several actions, as so many distinct beings: which has been no small occasion of wrangling, obscurity and uncertainty in questions relating to them.—JOHN LOCKE