Craven (M. B.), American, author of a critical work on the Bible entitled Triumph of Criticism, published at Philadelphia, 1869. Cremonini (Cesare), Italian philosopher, b. Cento, Ferrara, 1550, was professor of philosophy at Padua from 1591 to 1631, when he died. A follower of Aristotle, he excited suspicion by his want of religion and his teaching the mortality of the soul. He was frequently ordered by the Jesuits and the Inquisition to refute the errors he gave currency to, but he was protected by the Venetian State, and refused. Like most of the philosophers of his time, he distinguished between religious and philosophic truth. Bayle says. "Il a passé pour un esprit fort, qui ne croyait point l'immortalité de l'âme." Larousse says, "On peut dire qu'il n'était pas chrétien." Ladvocat says his works "contain many things contrary to religion." Cross (Mary Ann). See Eliot (George). Crousse (Louis D.), French Pantheistic philosopher, author of Principles, or First Philosophy, 1839, and Thoughts, 1845. Curtis (S. E.), English Freethinker, author of Theology Displayed, 1842. He has been credited with The Protestant's Progress to Infidelity. See Griffith (Rees). Died 1847. Croly (David Goodman), American Positivist, b. New York, 3 Nov. 1829. He graduated at New York University in '54, and was subsequently a reporter on the New York Herald. He became editor of the New York World until '72. From '71 to '73 he edited The Modern Thinker, an organ of the most advanced thought, and afterwards the New York Graphic. Mr. Croly has written a Primer of Positivism, '76, and has contributed many articles to periodicals. His wife, Jane Cunningham, who calls herself "Jennie June," b. 1831, also wrote in The Modern Thinker. Cross (Mary Ann), see Eliot (George). Crozier (John Beattie), English writer of Scottish border parentage, b. Galt, Ontario, Canada, 23 April, 1849. In youth he won a scholarship to the grammar school of the town, and thence won another scholarship to the Toronto University, where he graduated '72, taking the University and Starr medals. He then came to London determined to study the great problems of religion and civilisation. He took his diploma from the London College of Physicians in '73. In '77 he wrote his first essay, "God or Force," which, being rejected by all the magazines, he published as a pamphlet. Other essays on the Constitution of the World, Carlyle, Emerson, and Spencer being also rejected, he published them in a book entitled The Religion of the Future, '80, which fell flat. He then started his work Civilisation and Progress, which appeared in '85, and was also unsuccessful until republished with a few notices in '87, when it received a chorus of applause, for its clear and original thoughts. Mr. Crozier is now engaged on his Autobiography, after which he proposes to deal with the Social question.