BIDEFORD BRIDGE, formerly it was graced with a chapel, 231; its twenty arches were built in the 14th century with help from indulgences sanctioned by Grandison, Bishop of Exeter, 305 _footnote_. BISHOP’S BRIDGE, Norwich, has a double arch ring, 305. BLASPHEMERS were ducked in the Tarn from the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, 256. BLUDGET, an American engineer, takes hints from the brothers Grubenmann, 142. BOARD OF TRADE, London, its report on the Tay Bridge Disaster, 340. BOATS ought to be added to the remarks on page 58, or to the first section of the second chapter (pp. 109-12), for primitive man got his first boats from Nature. The earliest were floating branches and trees on which men sat astride, drifting with the current of rivers; the later were trees hollowed out by decay, which became models for dug-outs. “Between the primitive dug-out and a modern man-of-war there is, apparently, an impassable gulf; but yet the two are connected by an unbroken chain of successive improvements all registering greater efficiency in mechanical skill. Each of those intermediate increments constitutes a numbered milestone in the history and development of navigation.”--Dr. Robert Munro. BOATS, BRIDGE OF, at Cologne, 1. It will be remembered that Julius Cæsar frequently made use of boat-bridges, and that Xerxes, four hundred and eighty years before the Birth of Christ, made a bridge of boats across the narrowest part of the Hellespont, between the ancient cities of Sestus and Abydus. So the boat-bridge at Cologne, like the wooden pontoon, has an old and fascinating lineage, yet a modern bridge was going to displace it when the present Great War began. “Kultur” cancels history. BOFFIY, GUILLERMO, architect of the immense nave in Gerona Cathedral, 28. BOISSERON, on the little river Bénovie, its disfigured Roman bridge, 179. BOKYNS, JOHN, in 1483, bequeathed three and fourpence to a chapel to be built on Rotherham Bridge, 233. BOOKS ON BRIDGES, 318, 319, 320; William Hosking, 317; Emiland Gauthey’s “Traité de la Construction des Ponts,” 127; Colonel Emy’s “Traité de l’Art de la Charpenterie,” 143 _footnote_; Professor Fleeming Jenkin’s “Bridges,” see “Jenkin”; E. Degrand’s “Ponts en Maçonnerie,” 88. BOOTHS OR SHOPS on Chinese bridges, 210 _footnote_; on European bridges, 210. BORDEAUX, PONT DE, its length and its cost, 356. BOUGHS, FORKED, in primitive bridge-building, 135, 148. BOWER BIRDS, Australian, their architecture is a model to all primitive men, 112.