FOOTWAYS OVER MEDIÆVAL BRIDGES, usually they were narrow, very often they were steep, and sometimes, as in the Pont St. Esprit and the Pont St. Bénézet, they formed an elbow with the angle pointing up-stream. The Coa Bridge in Portugal, near Almeida, the scene of Crawfurd’s action in the Peninsular War, is also angular on plan; but its elbow points down-stream, and its line seems to have been dictated by the position of the rocks on which the piers are built. For other bridges of this angular sort see page 238. Narrow footways over bridges suggested the safety recesses for foot-passengers, which modern engineers have copied in many of their wide bridges, 258. Steep footways are dealt with under “Gabled Bridges,” and in Appendices I and II. FOOTWAYS OVER ROMAN BRIDGES, 82, 183, 199, 367-8. FORDS, 207-8, 250-1. FORESTS, in their relation to Roman bridges, 139, to English bridges, 207, 208. FORTH BRIDGE, 336, 344, 350-1. Add to the text the fact that in one of our naval manœuvres the Forth Bridge was “destroyed” by the small attacking fleet. FORTIFIED TOWERS AND GATEWAYS ON BRIDGES, Roman, at Mérida, 182; at Alcantarilla, 367; at Saint-Chamas, 176-7; mediæval, 254-5, 261, 276-301; See also the Lists of Illustrations; Nearly all the old attributes of defensive bridge-building have been copied by modern engineers in their defenceless bridges--an absurd affectation of learned research introduced by Telford in his cast-iron bridge at Craigellachie, 349; Even dummy machicolations have been used on make-believe towers guarding industrial bridges from the fresh air, 275; Every civilized country has bridges of this foolish sort. Surely medals ought to be granted to fools, and their public display ought to be enforced by law; then engineers and others would become ashamed of their bad public work. FOUNDING PIERS, 99, 197, 251-2, 341-2; See also “Cofferdams,” 253 _footnote_. FOUNTAINS ABBEY, YORKSHIRE, BRIDGES AT, 96, 305. FRAMWELLGATE BRIDGE, Durham, 96-7. FRANCE, her administration of roads and bridges, 43, 44, 356; rich in remains of Roman bridges and aqueducts, 168-75, 176-81; her bridges are superior to the British examples, 9, 256-8, 294-5. FRANCIS STONE, his book of “Norfolk Bridges,” 135. FRASER, G. M., on Scotch bridges, 94. FREAKISH BRIDGES, over the Tavignano in Corsica, 238; at Laroque, 300; at Bâle, 306. FRÉJUS, REMAINS OF A ROMAN AQUEDUCT AT, 176. FRENCH AND ENGLISH BRIDGES contrasted, 256, 281, 294-5. FRENCH ANGULAR BRIDGES, 237-8, 297. FRENCH GENIUS, often more masculine than the English genius, 294-5. FRENCH MILL BRIDGES, 223-4; see also the colour plate facing page 352.