ORTHEZ, VIEUX PONT, mediæval war-bridge, 278-9. There are two conflicting accounts of the part played by this bridge in the battle of Orthez, February 27th, 1814. One of them says that the bridge was neutralised by agreement in order to spare it from destruction; the other account declares that the solidity of the stonework baffled the French attempts to break it down. Anyhow, the bridge was not used in the action. Hill crossed well above it, and Picton and Beresford below. Napier says: “Hill, who had remained with 12,000 combatants, cavalry and infantry, before the bridge of Orthez, received orders, when Wellington changed his plan of attack, to force the passage of the Gave, partly in the view of preventing Harispe from falling upon the flank of the sixth division, partly in the hope of a successful issue to the attempt: and so it happened. Hill, though unable to force the bridge, forded the river above at Souars, and driving back the troops posted there, seized the heights above, cut off the French from the road to Pau, and turned the town of Orthez.” OUSE BRIDGE at York, 241-3, and _footnote_. OUTLAWS, MEDIÆVAL, in their relation to fords and bridges, 207, 208. PACIFISTS, their false and weakening ideas considered in relation to the varied strife circulated by roads and bridges, vii, 3, 4, 14-52, 360-1. PAGET AND THE 10TH HUSSARS, how they protected Moore’s retreat at the bridges of Castro Gonzalo and Constantino, 335. PALÆOLITHIC AGE, 62, 110, 131. PALÆOLITHIC ART, and its approximate date, 131. PALLADIAN BRIDGE in Prior Park, 343. PALLADIO, ANDREA, Italian architect, _b._ 1518--_d._ 1580, his evidence on the Roman bridges in Italy, 193-4, 195-7, 198-9; his design for the Rialto rejected, though it was better than Antonio da Ponte’s, 212, and _footnote_. PANDY OLD BRIDGE at Bettws-y-Coed, 163. PARADISO, MATHEO, a military architect, in 1217, built a gate-tower to defend the Alcántara at Toledo, 287. PARAPETS, low walls or railings serving to protect the edge of a bridge; they rest on the outer spandrils; sometimes they project beyond and need brackets or corbels, like the Pont Neuf at Paris, 321-2, and plate facing page 320. Often in the Middle Ages some parts of the parapets were crenellated, as they are above the angular piers of the Valentré at Cahors, see the colour plate facing page 264; even some modern defenceless bridges have battlemented parapets, for the imitative silliness of industrial engineers delights in foolish make-believe. Parapets cannot be studied with too much care, so there are frequent references to them throughout this monograph. Some Roman bridges were built without parapets; there is an example near Colne, 162, 164; and many of the gabled bridges in Spain repeat in a giddy manner this dangerous defect, 27.