RAILWAY BRIDGES, often detestable, 5, 77, 78; conventional arguments which have governed their structure, 77; the High Level Bridge at Newcastle, 79-81; the Tay Bridge and its disaster, 339-42; the Forth Bridge, 350; the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge over the Mississippi, 352-3; the Great Portage Bridge over the Genesee River, 353-4. Many railway bridges over strategical rivers can be displaced by tunnels, but many others must be armoured with cone-shaped roofs as a protection against overhead wars from airships and aeroplanes, 358. See Albi Railway Bridge, the plate facing page 8, and Cannon Street Railway Bridge, the plate facing page 48. RAMESES II, TEMPLE OF, at Abydos, has a primitive vault built with horizontal courses of stone, showing its descent from the rock archways made by Nature, 155. REFINEMENT, a quality often overdone in British art, 168. REICHENAU, JOHN GRUBENMANN’S BRIDGE AT, 142. RELIEF BAYS FOR FLOOD WATER, they were introduced by the Romans, 284, and were copied by mediæval bridgemen; witness the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, 255, 256, and the Pont St. Esprit, 293, 297. Pontists should note both the difference of shape in flood-water bays and the variation of their position in the architecture. At Mérida, for example, in the great squat Roman bridge, they are long and round-headed, and rise from the low and bold cutwaters, which are overgrown with grey-green mosses and grass. On the other hand, a Moorish bridge of four arches near Tangier has much smaller relief bays with round heads, and they are pierced high up through the spandrils. They look like three little windows that give light and air to a work of sun-bleached antiquity. Moreover, their shape is repeated in about a dozen little holes cut through the base of the parapet, perhaps to help in the drainage of the roadway, perhaps to be useful in military defence. This Moorish bridge has semicircular arches, and the road is inclined over each abutment, just like the Roman bridge at Rimini. But the technical sentiment is less virile than the Roman. RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS on Historic Bridges, such as the Phallus on the Pont du Gard, 174; the Janus heads on the Pons Fabricius, 196; the idol or image on the Chinese bridge at Shih-Chuan, 247; and the cross and crucifix on Gothic bridges of the Middle Ages, 96, 230, 246. The symbolic lion and tortoise on the Chinese bridge of Pulisangan were borrowed from the _singa_ and _Kûrma_ of Hindu mythology, 311 _footnote_. I should like the cross to be raised again on all bridges in unfortified towns, as a protest against a Teutonic misuse of flying warfare.