Lhasa and the Potala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 From a Photograph by a member of Younghusband's Expedition to Thibet. At the North Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 From the Photograph in Admiral PEARY'S book _The North Pole_. Captain Roald Amundsen taking Sights at the South Pole . . . . . 544 From a Photograph. Acknowledgment is due to the courtesy of Mr. John Murray and the _Illustrated London News_ for the photograph taken at the South Pole, facing page 544; to Admiral Peary for that taken at the North Pole, facing page 534; and to Sir Ernest Shackleton and Mr. Heinemann for the colour-plate of the _Nimrod_. Permissions have also been granted by Mr. John Murray (for illustrations from Livingstone's books and Admiral McClintock's _Voyage of the Fox_); by Messrs. Macmillan (for the colour-plate of the Polos leaving Venice, from the Bodleian); and by Messrs. Sampson, Low, Marston, & Co. (for illustrations from Sir H. M. Stanley's books). LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT PAGE The Garden of Eden with its Four Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 From the Hereford Map of the World. Babylonian Map of the World on Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 In the British Museum. The oldest known Ships: between 6000 and 5000 B.C. . . . . . . . 4 From a pre-Egyptian Vase-painting. Egyptian Ship of the Expedition to Punt, about 1600 B.C. . . . . 7 From a Rock-carving at Der el Bahari. The Ark on Ararat, and the Cities of Nineveh and Babylon . . . . 8 From LEONARDO DATI'S Map of 1422. A Phoenician Ship, about 700 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 From a Bas-relief at Nineveh. Map of the Voyage of the Argonauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Pillars of Hercules, as shown in a Mediaeval Map . . . . . . 20 HIGDEN'S Map of the World. 1360 A.D. The Pillars of Hercules, as shown in the Anglo-Saxon Map of the World, 10th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A Greek Galley, about 500 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 From a Vase-painting. Jerusalem, the Centre of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 From the Hereford Map of the World, 13th century. A Merchant-Ship of Athens, about 500 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 From a Vase-painting. The Coast of Africa, after Ptolemy (Mercator's Edition), showing Hanno's Voyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A Sketch Map of Alexander's Chief Exploratory Marches from Athens to Hyderabad and Gaza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Alexandria in Pizzigani's Map, 14th century . . . . . . . . . . . 44 North Britain and the Island of Thule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 From MERCATOR'S edition of Ptolemy's Map.