=Austin, Alfred.= 183 Poet and novelist. Author of An Artist's Proof, Interludes, The Human Tragedy, etc. _Pub. Mac._ =Austin, Mrs. Sarah.= 1793-1867. Author Characteristics of Goethe, and of numerous translations from the German. =Ayton [[=a]´tun], Sir Robert.= 1570-1638. Scotch poet. Remembered for his lyric, "I do confess thou'rt smooth and fair." =Aytoun [a´tun], Wm. Edmondstoune.= 1813-1865. Scotch poet. Author Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, Bothwell, Edinburgh after Flodden, and with T. Martin, of the Bon Gaultier Ballads. _See Memoir by Theodore Martin._ _Pub. Arm. Hou._ =Babbage, Chas.= 1790-1871. Mathematician and philosopher. Author of The Economy of Manufactures and Machinery, A Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, etc. =Bacon, Francis.= Viscount St. Albans and Baron Verulam. 1561-1626. Philosopher. The Founder of Inductive Philosophy. He wrote, in both Eng. and Latin, The advancement of Learning, Novum Organum and Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis from the Instauratio Magna, which embodies his system of philosophy. His Essays are his most important English work. A man of great genius and wonderful intellectual activity whose writings cover a wide range. He awakened the scientific spirit in England and gave it form. The best edition of B. is that by James Spedding. _See Life and Letters of Bacon, by James Spedding (1870), also W. H. Dixon's Personal History of Lord Bacon._ _Pub. Hou._ =Bacon, Roger= (Friar.) 1214-1292. Philosopher. The great light of the thirteenth century. In his Opus Major he anticipated many inventions of later times, and displayed a familiarity with all branches of study of his day. =Bage, Robert.= 1728-1801. Novelist. Author of Man as he Is, The Fair Syrian, etc. _See Life, by Walter Scott._ =Bagehot [b[=a]j´ut], Walter.= 1826-1877. Essayist and journalist. Author of Lombard Street, Physics and Politics, The Eng. Constitution, and Essays on Silver. _See Living Age, April 19, 1879._ _Pub. Apl. Lit. Scr._ =Bailey, Philip James.= 181 Poet. Author of Festus, The Angel World, The Mystic, The Age, etc. Festus, which had a brief popularity, is a work of unequal merit, but contains a few brilliant passages. =Baillie, Joanna.= 1764-1851. Scotch dramatist. Has been called "the female Shakespeare." Author of Plays on the Passions, etc. Her tragedy of De Montfort is her finest effort. _See complete Works in one vol. with Life (1853). See Ward's Eng. Poets, vol. 4._ =Baker, Sir Samuel White.= 182 Traveller. Author of the Albert Nyanza, The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, Ismaïlia, etc. _Pub. Har. Lip. Mac._ =Balfour, Francis Maitland.= 1851-1882. Biologist. Author Elements of Comparative Embryology. Development of the Elasmobranch Fishes, etc. Style acute and original. _See Fortnightly Rev. Nov. 1882._ _Pub. Mac._ =Banim [b[=a]´nim], John.= 1798-1842. Irish novelist. His novels deal almost exclusively with the tragic side of Irish peasant life. _See Life, by P. J. Murray, 1857._