III. DEVELOPMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 91 1. Changes in Property Conditions 92 2. Forest Conditions 96 3. Personnel 97 4. Progress in Silviculture 102 5. Methods of Forest Organization 113 6. Forest Administration 120 7. Forest Policy 125 8. Forestry Science and Literature 131 9. Means of Advancing Forestry Science 145 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 152 1. Property Conditions 157 2. First Attempts at Forest Control 158 3. Development of Forest Policy 162 4. State Forest Administration 167 5. Progress of Forest Organization 169 6. Development of Silviculture 172 7. Education and Literature 175 HUNGARY 178 SWITZERLAND 185 1. Forest Conditions and Property Rights 188 2. Development of Forest Policy 190 3. Forestry Practice 198 4. Education and Literature 200 FRANCE 203 1. Development of Forest Property 203 2. Development of Forest Administration 213 3. Development of Modern Forest Policy 220 4. Work of Reforestation 224 5. Forestry Science and Practice 233 6. Education and Literature 241 7. Colonial Policies 248 RUSSIA AND FINLAND 253 1. Forest Conditions and Ownership 255 2. Development of Forest Policy 261 3. Education and Literature 270 4. Forestry Practice 273 FINLAND 277 THE SCANDINAVIAN STATES 285