CHAPTER II PRIVILEGES AND MONOPOLIES 16 CHAPTER III CENSORSHIP 26 CHAPTER IV DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF COPYRIGHT 34 CHAPTER V TRADE GUILDS AND THE COMING OF THE NEW INDUSTRY 38 CHAPTER VI THE COMMUNITY OF PRINTERS 49 CHAPTER VII HOW THE OLD-TIME PRINTERS WORKED 53 CHAPTER VIII INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY 58 CHAPTER IX RELATIONS BETWEEN EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYED 72 SUPPLEMENTARY READING 79 REVIEW QUESTIONS 80 CHAPTER I GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS We turn now to a study of the printing industry in some aspects concerning the industry as a whole, rather than the life and work of the great printers. A very large part of what follows will be found to deal with conditions in France. This happens because the study has been far better worked out for France than for any other country. While much incidental information is to be obtained from other histories, Mellotté’s _Histoire Economique de l’Imprimerie_ stands alone as a study of the printing industry from this point of view. Unfortunately it concerns only France and ends with the French Revolution of 1789. Conditions in France, however, were not greatly different from those existing elsewhere and for that reason the study which follows, based largely on Mellotté’s work, will give a fairly accurate idea of the condition of the industry in general. It is to be regretted that Mellotté’s book has not been translated into the English as it is a mine of information of great interest and value to all students of the industry. The history of the printing industry is hardly intelligible unless one begins with a general understanding of the industries of the Middle Ages and the organization of those who were engaged in them. When Gutenberg practiced printing there was no such thing in the world as a factory. Perhaps the nearest approach to one might be found in some royal arsenal, shipyard, or mint where certain industries were carried on on a large scale. The day of invention had not yet dawned. Machinery, except of the most primitive types, did not exist. Consequently, industrial and social conditions were different in every respect from those which now prevail.