The new organization was a very great improvement over the former lack of organization, but it was very far from being completely successful. Its first effort was to regulate admission to mastership and so to membership of the Community. The number of shops in Paris in 1618 was 76. By 1686 this number had been reduced to 36 and the process was still going on. At Troyes in 1700 there were 16 shops and in 1739 only 3. This limitation was brought about by freezing out the small shops, by strict regulation of admissions to the Community without which the business could not be legally carried on, and by the purchase from time to time of certificates of membership. A certificate of membership in the Community was a very considerable asset to an individual and on his death it passed to his heirs. While it could not apparently be sold outside the family, it had distinct value and could often be purchased and cancelled by the Community. Except by inheritances membership might be obtained only through advancement in the trade from apprenticeship through journeymanship to master workmanship, as we shall see later. The fees required for membership of the Community and the capital required for carrying on business were so great that very few attained membership of the Community in this way. Membership of the Community, however, was open to the sons of members or to those who might marry the widows of members, and in a very short time membership became practically limited to those who obtained it in one or the other of these ways. The Community was undoubtedly very useful in giving a corporate center to the industry and also in giving more support to trade usages, contracts, and agreements. On the other hand its efficiency was greatly weakened by the quarrels which immediately broke out between the three elements of the Community and which lasted until the final break-up of the old conditions in 1789. The quarrel was mainly between the printers and the booksellers or publishers. The binders were soon recognized as forming an independent industry and they were before very long eliminated from the Community of Printers. They formed a Community of their own in 1686 and need not be further considered. The hostility between the booksellers and the printers began with the invention of printing. Their interests were so closely related and yet so antagonistic that an attempt to combine them in one Community while at the same time keeping their functions separate resulted in constant quarrels and in a weakening of the influence of the Community itself.