37. +Latin of the Fourth Period.+-- (i) This contribution differs very essentially in character from the last. The Norman-French contribution was a gift from a people to a people-- from living beings to living beings; this new contribution was rather a conveyance of words from books to books, and it never influenced-- in any great degree-- the +spoken language+ of the English people. The ear and the mouth carried the Norman-French words into our language; the eye, the pen, and the printing-press were the instruments that brought in the Latin words of the Fourth Period. The Norman-French words that came in took and kept their place in the spoken language of the masses of the people; the Latin words that we received in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries kept their place in the written or printed language of books, of scholars, and of literary men. These new Latin words came in with the +Revival of Learning+, which is also called the +Renascence+. The Turks attacked and took Constantinople in the year +1453+; and the great Greek and Latin scholars who lived in that city hurriedly packed up their priceless manuscripts and books, and fled to all parts of Italy, Germany, France, and even into England. The loss of the East became the gain of the West. These scholars became teachers; they taught the Greek and Roman classics to eager and earnest learners; and thus a new impulse was given to the study of the great masterpieces of human thought and literary style. And so it came to pass in course of time that every one who wished to become an educated man studied the literature of Greece and Rome. Even women took to the study. Lady Jane Grey was a good Greek and Latin scholar; and so was Queen Elizabeth. From this time began an enormous importation of Latin words into our language. Being imported by the eye and the pen, they suffered little or no change; the spirit of the people did not influence them in the least-- neither the organs of speech nor the ear affected either the pronunciation or the spelling of them. If we look down the columns of any English dictionary, we shall find these later Latin words in hundreds. _Opinionem_ became +opinion+; _factionem_, +faction+; _orationem_, +oration+; _pungentem_ passed over in the form of +pungent+ (though we had _poignant_ already from the French); _pauperem_ came in as +pauper+; and _separatum_ became +separate+.