_Beamish's Discovery of America by the Northmen.--Bradford's American Antiquities.--Baldwin's Ancient America.--Squier and Davis's American Antiquities and Discoveries in the West--Sinding's History of Scandinavia.-Cattin's North American Indians. --Thatcher's Indian Biography.--Stone's Life and Times of Red Jacket, and Life of Brandt--Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales--Morgan's League of the Iroquois.--Schoolcraft's Memoirs of Residence Among the Indians, and other works by the same author. --Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States of America. --Bancroft's Native Races--Matthew's Behemoth, a Legend of the Mound Builders (Fiction).--Lowell's Chippewa Legend (Poetry). --Whittier's Bridal of Penacook (Poetry).--Jones's Mound-Builders of Tennesee.--Goodrich's So-called Columbus.--Ancient Monuments in America, Harper's Magazine, vol._ 21. [Illustration: A SPANISH CARAVEL. (From a drawing attributed to Columbus.)] EPOCH 1. EARLY DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. [Illustration: BALBOA.] GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.--The people of Europe had then never heard of America. About that time, a great desire for geographical knowledge was awakened. The compass and the astrolabe--an instrument for reckoning latitude--had been already invented. Voyagers were no longer compelled to creep along the shore, but began to strike out boldly into the open sea. The art of printing had just come into use, and books of travel were eagerly read. [Footnote: _Questions on the Geography of the First Epoch_.--In the accompanying map there are no divisions of the continent, as none existed at that time. When they are called for in the following questions, the object is to test the pupil's geographical knowledge. Locate the West Indies. San Salvador (now called Guanahani, gwah-nah-hah'-ne, and Cat Island). Cuba. Hispaniola or Hayti (he-te), name given to the island in 1803 by Dessalines. (See Lipp. Gazetteer.) Newfoundland. Cape Breton. Roanoke Island. Manhattan Island. Describe the Orinoco River. Mississippi River. St. Lawrence River. James River. Ohio River. Colorado River. Columbia River. St. John's River (see map for Epoch V). Where is Labrador? Central America? Florida? Mexico? New Mexico? California? Oregon? Peru? Locate St Augustine. Santa Fe (sahn-tah-fay). New York. Montreal. Quebec. Albany. Jamestown. Port Royal. Isthmus of Darien. Cape Henry. Cape Charles. Cape Cod. Chesapeake Bay. Hudson Bay. Marco Polo and other adventurers returning from the East, told wonderful stories of the wealth of Asiatic cities. Genoa, Florence, and Venice, commanding the commerce of the Mediterranean, had become enriched by trade with the East. The costly shawls, spices, and silks of Persia and India were borne by caravans to the Red Sea, thence on camels across the desert to the Nile, and lastly by ship over the Mediterranean to Europe.]