We have seen that two libraries were established in Rome by the Emperor Augustus, a most zealous patron of the arts and sciences. What may be said of other Roman libraries? Certainly there were others; and there even seems to have been a spirit of rivalry among the rulers of that time in regard to them, each contending for the palm as founder of libraries. For example, Tiberius, soon after the death of Augustus, established one within the limits of the royal palace itself, on that part which fronts on the Via Sacra. Students of the subject think that here were Tiberius’s own special apartments; and A. Gellius locates the library in them when he says, “While Apollinaris and I were sitting in the library in the house of Tiberius.” Vopiscus makes the same statement in effect, for he tells us that he used the books in the Ulpian library and also those in the apartments of Tiberius. It seems that in due course Vespasian also collected a library and placed it in the temple of Peace, as we gather from A. Gellius’s remark, “We sought very diligently for the Commentary of L. Aelius, the teacher of Varro, and found it, and read it, in the library in the temple of Peace.” Galen also mentions it in his _Treatise on the Compounding of Medicines_. Another library was gathered by Trajan, of which A. Gellius also speaks. “We happened,” he says, “to be sitting in the library in the temple of Trajan.” This is the one which is commonly called the Ulpian, from the family name of the Emperor Trajan. Vopiscus says, “I learned these things from the elders; and I read them also, in the books of the Ulpian library;” also, “If you are still in doubt, consult the books in Greek, then look up also the linen books, the ancient chronicles, which the Ulpian library can show to you whenever you wish.” I am of the opinion that this Ulpian library was at first in the forum of Trajan, where the other monuments erected by that emperor were placed; and was afterwards moved to the Viminal Hill to adorn the Baths of Diocletian. If so moved, why not by Diocletian himself? Vopiscus would lead us to think it was, for he says, “I make use especially of the books of the Ulpian library, which in my time was in the Baths of Diocletian.” When he expressly says that in his time it was in a certain place, he plainly implies that it had previously been in another place. Let us pass now to the Capitoline library, concerning which Eusebius says, in speaking of the reign of the Emperor Commodus, “The lightning struck the Capitol and started a great fire, which consumed the library and the houses near it.” Orosius relates the incident more at length: “Upon the city falls the punishment for the crimes of the emperor. The Capitol was struck by lightning, and a terrible conflagration burst forth, which devoured both the library, which had been gathered by men of old with so much zeal and care, and all the adjoining dwellings.”