[307] This was really very strange, because Laud (1573-1644), while he was Archbishop of Canterbury, forced a good deal of High Church ritual on the Puritan clergy, and even wished to compel the use of a prayer book in Scotland. It was this intolerance that led to his impeachment and execution. [308] The name is Jonchere. He was a man of some merit, proposing (1718) an important canal in Burgundy, and publishing a work on the _Decouverte des longitudes estimees generalement impossible a trouver_, 1734 (or 1735). [309] Locke invented a kind of an instrument for finding longitude, and it is described in the appendix, but I can find nothing about the man. There was published some years later (London, 1751) another work of his, _A new Problem to discover the longitude at sea_. [310] Baxter, concerning whom I know merely that he was a schoolmaster, starts with the assumption of this value, and deduces from it some fourteen properties relating to the circle. [311] John, who died in 1780, was a well-known character in his way. He was a bookseller on Fleet Street, and his shop was a general rendezvous for the literary men of his time. He wrote the _Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr. William Whiston_ (1749, with another edition in 1753). He was one of the first to issue regular catalogues of books with prices affixed. [312] The name appears both as Hulls and as Hull. He was born in Gloucestershire in 1699. In 1754 he published _The Art of Measuring made Easy by the help of a new Sliding Scale_. [313] Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) invented the first practical steam engine about 1710. It was of about five and a half horse power, and was used for pumping water from coal mines. Savery had described such an engine in 1702, but Newcomen improved upon it and made it practical. [314] The well-known benefactor of art (1787-1863). [315] The tract was again reprinted in 1860. [316] Hulls made his experiment on the Avon, at Evesham, in 1737, having patented his machine in 1736. He had a Newcomen engine connected with six paddles. This was placed in the front of a small tow boat. The experiment was a failure. [317] William Symington (1763-1831). In 1786 he constructed a working model of a steam road carriage. The machinery was applied to a small boat in 1788, and with such success as to be tried on a larger boat in 1789. The machinery was clumsy, however, and in 1801 he took out a new patent for the style of engine still used on paddle wheel steamers. This engine was successfully used in 1802, on the Charlotte Dundas. Fulton (1765-1815) was on board, and so impressed Robert Livingston with the idea that the latter furnished the money to build the Clermont (1807), the beginning of successful river navigation.