Evolution of Man.--Undoubtedly there once lived upon the earth races of men who were much lower in their mental organization than the present inhabitants. If we follow the early history of man upon the earth, we find that at first he must have been little better than one of the lower animals. He was a nomad, wandering from place to place, feeding upon whatever living things he could kill with his hands. Gradually he must have learned to use weapons, and thus kill his prey, first using rough stone implements for this purpose. As man became more civilized, implements of bronze and of iron were used. About this time the subjugation and domestication of animals began to take place. Man then began to cultivate the fields, and to have a fixed place of abode other than a cave. The beginnings of civilization were long ago, but even to-day the earth is not entirely civilized. The Races of Man.--At the present time there exist upon the earth five races or varieties of man, each very different from the other in instincts, social customs, and, to an extent, in structure. These are the Ethiopian or negro type, originating in Africa; the Malay or brown race, from the islands of the Pacific; the American Indian; the Mongolian or yellow race, including the natives of China, Japan, and the Eskimos; and finally, the highest type of all, the Caucasians, represented by the civilized white inhabitants of Europe and America. REFERENCE BOOKS ELEMENTARY Hunter, _Laboratory Problems in Civic Biology_, American Book Company. Bulletin of U. S. Department of Agriculture, _Division of Biological Survey_, Nos. 1, 6, 13, 17. Davison, _Practical Zoology_. American Book Company. Ditmars, _The Reptiles of New York_. Guide Leaflet 20. Amer. Mus. of Nat. History. Sharpe, _A Laboratory Manual in Biology_, pp. 140-150, American Book Company. Walker, _Our Birds and Their Nestlings_. American Book Company. Walter, H. E. and H. A., _Wild Birds in City Parks_. Published by authors. ADVANCED Apgar, _Birds of the United States_. American Book Company. Beebe, _The Bird_. Henry Holt and Company. Ditmars, _The Reptile Book_. Doubleday, Page and Company. Hegner, _Zoology_. The Macmillan Company. Hornaday, _American Natural History_. Jordan and Evermann, _Food and Game Fishes_. Doubleday, Page and Company. Parker and Haswell, _Textbook of Zoology_. The Macmillan Company. _Riverside Natural History._ Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Weed and Dearborn, _Relation of Birds to Man_. Lippincott. XV. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ANIMALS