Propositions introduced by such words as _only_, _none but_, _alone_ and their equivalents are _exclusive_ propositions. Since these distribute their predicates, but do not distribute their subjects, the most convenient way of dealing with them is to _interchange subject and predicate_ and then regard them as _“A” propositions_. As the first proposition of the argument is an exclusive, we must deal with it accordingly. Interchanging subject and predicate and introducing it with _all_ places the argument in this form: G M A (All) The parlor car is reserved for first class passengers, ―――――――――― S M A All these are first class passengers, ――――― S G A ∴ All these may ride in the parlor car. ――――― { A The mood of this argument is { A in the second figure. No negatives; { A no particulars. “A” distributes its subject only; the middle term is thus undistributed. The argument is invalid, the fallacy being that of _undistributed middle_. (2) “No one but a thief would take these books without asking for them, and it has been proved that you took the books; that is the reason I have called you a thief.” It is clear that “_no one but_” is equivalent to “_only_.” Thus the first proposition of the argument is an exclusive, and may be made logical by interchanging subject and predicate and calling it an “A.” As a result of this the argument takes the following form: M G A (All) These books were taken by a thief, ――――― S M A You took these books, ――― S G A ∴ You are a thief. ――― We have now had sufficient experience to recognize the validity of mood AAA in the first figure. (3) “None but the brave deserve the fair, And you are not fair.” Making the exclusive logical and completing gives: M G A (All) The fair deserve the brave, ―――― S M E You are not fair, ――― S G E ∴ You do not deserve the brave. ――― { A The mood of this argument is { E used in the first figure. There { E is a negative premise, also a negative conclusion; no particulars. The middle term is distributed twice. The major term “_brave_” is distributed in the conclusion but not in the major premise; hence the argument is invalid, the fallacy being _illicit major_.