S M E No criminal is a good citizen, ―――――――― ―――――――――――― S G E ∴ No criminal votes. { A The mood of this argument is { E used in the first figure. One premise { E negative; conclusion negative; no particulars. “A” distributes the subject only; “E” both subject and predicate. The middle term, “good citizens,” is distributed in both premises. The major term, “votes,” is distributed in the conclusion but not in the premise where it is used. { A The argument is invalid, the fallacy being _illicit major_. { E is not { E found in the first figure’s list of valid moods. G M (5) A All true teachers are sympathetic, ――――――――――――― S M A All lovers of children are sympathetic, ―――――――――――――――――― S G A ∴ All lovers of children are true teachers. ―――――――――――――――――― { A The mood of this argument is { A used in the second figure. There are { A no negatives and no particulars. “A” distributes its subject only. The middle term, “sympathetic,” is distributed in neither premise, hence the argument is invalid. Fallacy of _undistributed middle_. Referring { A to the list of valid moods, we do not find { A in the second figure. { A M G (6) A All thoughtful men are humane, ―――――――――――――― S M A All good citizens are thoughtful men, ――――――――――――― S G I ∴ Some good citizens are humane. { A The mood is { A in the first figure. No negatives; no particulars. “A” { I distributes its subject only; “I” distributes neither term. Middle term, distributed in the major premise; no term distributed in the conclusion. The argument is, therefore, valid. The conclusion is _weakened_ as it { A could just as well be an A. The mood { A in the first figure is valid, { I but of little value because of the weakened conclusion. =4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE IN TESTING COMPLETED ARGUMENTS, ONE OR BOTH PREMISES BEING ILLOGICAL.= _Arguments containing exclusive propositions._ (1) Only first class passengers may ride in the parlor car, All these are first class passengers, ∴ They may ride in the parlor car.