(2) “The civil power has the right of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and administration, therefore parliament may impose articles of faith on the church or suppress dioceses.” Hibben. (3) “Seeing that abundance of work is a sure sign of industrial prosperity, it follows that fire and hurricane benefit industry, because they undoubtedly create work.” St. Andrews――1895. (4) “Riches are for spending, and spending for honor and good action; therefore, extraordinary expense must be limited by the worth of the occasion.” Bacon. (5) “And let a man beware how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will engage him into their own quarrels.” Bacon. (6) “He that resteth upon gains certain, shall hardly grow to great riches; and he that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes break and come to poverty. It is good, therefore, to guard adventures with certainties that they may uphold losses.” Bacon. CHAPTER 17. INDUCTIVE REASONING. =1. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING DISTINGUISHED.= It has been remarked that inference is the process of deriving a judgment from one or two antecedent judgments, and that mediate inference is inference by means of a middle term. But to reason by means of a middle term necessitates two judgments; hence mediate inference might be defined as the process of deriving a judgment from _two_ antecedent judgments. In this treatment mediate inference and reasoning have been used interchangeably. This, then, becomes our definition for reasoning: _Reasoning is the process of deriving a judgment from two antecedent judgments._ The syllogism results when the process of reasoning is formally clothed in words. Moreover, the conclusion of the syllogism may be _more_ general than the premises or _less_ general. This suggests the two important kinds of reasoning; namely, inductive and deductive. Inductive reasoning is reasoning from less general premises to a more general conclusion. Deductive reasoning is reasoning from more general premises to a less general conclusion. ILLUSTRATION: _Inductive Syllogism._ _Deductive Syllogism._ The robin, crow, sparrow, All birds have wings, etc. have wings, The robin, crow, sparrow, The robin, crow, sparrow, etc. are birds, etc. are birds, ∴ The robin, crow, sparrow, ∴ All birds have wings. etc. have wings. Iron, silver, gold, etc. are All metals are elements, elements, Iron, silver, gold, etc. are Iron, silver, gold, etc. are metals, metals, ∴ Iron, silver, gold, etc. are ∴ All metals are elements. elements.