(4) “Induction may be defined as the legitimate inference of the general from the particular, or, of the more general from the less general.”――Fowler, 1905, p. 10, Vol. 2. (5) “The term induction has been used by logicians to denote this leap of the mind from the limitations of its positive knowledge to belief in universal laws.” “In pedagogy, however, the term is applied to the whole process of arriving at general truths or principles.”――Salisbury’s Theory of Teaching, p. 156. =5. INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION CONTIGUOUS PROCESSES.= If there is one thing above another which modern logic is emphasizing it is the _unity of the mind_ and the _contiguity of thinking_. Induction and deduction are _dove-tailed processes_ which characterize all thinking worthy of the name. Where induction ceases, deduction commences, and vice versa. It becomes the function of inductive thinking to establish a connection between what has been experienced and what has not been experienced. Therefore, the conclusion of an induction must always contain more than is implied in the premises. The premises denote facts which have been observed; whereas the conclusion denotes the observed facts of the premises plus analogous facts which have _not been observed_. Inductive thought ventures into the unknown, and attempts to establish a bond of connection between it and something already known. Induction seeks new knowledge, and does so by taking that “leap into the dark” already referred to as the “inductive hazard.” As soon as the mind reaches a universal truth, it sets to work to clarify this truth. Such is accomplished by reference to other facts which the universal is supposed to include; and this application of the general to the particular is _deduction_. _Induction discovers_ the new knowledge while _deduction clarifies_ it. =6. INDUCTION AN ASSUMPTION.= In this treatment induction as a general process has been subdivided into induction as a mode of inference and induction as a method. _Induction as a mode of inference is the process of reasoning from less general premises to a more general conclusion; whereas induction as a method is a procedure from the observation of individual facts to a realization of a universal truth._ In either case the conclusion of an inductive process always implies more than is contained in the premises. This gives to the conclusion an uncertainty. No induction is absolutely free from doubt except the so-called perfect induction, which form will receive attention in a later section. =7. UNIVERSAL CAUSATION.= All inductive assumptions are made possible because of two laws――_universal causation_ and _uniformity of nature_. The law of universal causation may be stated in this wise: _Nothing can occur without a cause and every cause has its effect._ “It is a universal truth, that every fact which has a beginning has a cause.”――Mill. SIMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS OF UNIVERSAL CAUSATION.