A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of TeachingMcNair, George Hastings
Philosophy
A Class Room Logic: Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of Teaching
McNair, George Hastings
Logic
No one mode of presentation is more universally used than the “question
and answer.” The advantages of this mode are many and the teacher who
is an adept in the art of questioning, from the standpoint of knowledge,
is generally efficient. The common error, however, incident to much
questioning, is that of asking “telling questions.” By the use of such,
the class is forced along the desired channel of thought so rigorously
as to have a condition _where the spirit of inquiry is entirely
wanting_. It is possible to conform to the rules of good questioning,
and yet rob the class of all originality and initiative. From the
teacher’s viewpoint, the discoverer’s method demands few questions;
it is the method of _suggestion_ rather than one of questions.
Avowedly in this method, the children should ask and answer their own
questions. Viewed from the ground of discovery there are three modes
of presentation which may represent a progressive series. These are
(1) the lecture mode, (2) the question and answer mode, (3) the mode
by suggestion. In the first there is _little_ of the spirit of the
discoverer; in the second there is a trifle more of the spirit of
the discoverer; while in the third there is _much_ of this spirit.
The student is advised to select some class room topic with a view
to illustrating these three modes of presentation.
=12. OUTLINE.=
LOGIC IN THE CLASS ROOM.
(1) Thought is king.
(2) Special functions of induction and deduction.
(3) Two types of mind.
Inductive or liberal.
Deductive or conservative.
(4) Too much conservatism in school.
(5) The method of the discoverer.
Three steps
1. Antecedent { 1. Foundational
facts { 2. Crucial
2. Forming { 1. “Mental urge”
hypothesis { 2. Analogy
3. Verification { 1. Empirical
{ 2. Rational
(6) The real inductive method or Discoverer’s Method not in vogue in
class room work.
(7) As a method of instruction, deduction is superior to induction.
(8) Conquest, not knowledge, the desideratum.
(9) Motivation as related to the spirit of discovery.
(10) Discoverer’s method or the real inductive method adapted to
class room work.
School room method.
Discoverer’s method.
Epitome.
(11) Question and answer method not necessarily one of discovery.
=13. SUMMARY.=
(1) Thought is king in that it is the ruling factor in the making and
breaking of habit. This lends import to logic, which is the science of
thought.
(2) The chief function of induction is to discover new truth; whereas
deduction aims at clarifying and correcting new truth. Inductive logic
makes known the special forms of thought which the discoverer uses;
while deductive logic tends to show how he verifies the truth thus
obtained.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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