§ 18. If such, works of art, libraries, collections, or instruments belonging to the hostile nation or government, can be removed without injury, the ruler of the conquering state or nation may order them to be seized and removed for the benefit of the said nation. The ultimate ownership is to be settled by the ensuing treaty of peace. In no case ought they to be sold or given away by the captor or the victorious government during the war, still less ought they ever to be privately appropriated, or wantonly destroyed or injured. § 19. The United States acknowledge and protect, in hostile countries occupied by them, religion and morality; unmixed private property—that is to say, property in which neither private and public property, nor the ideas of property and humanity, or person, are mixed;—the persons of the inhabitants, especially those of women; and the sacredness of domestic relations. Offences to the contrary are to be rigorously punished. This rule does not interfere with the right of the victorious invader to tax the people or their property, to levy forced loans, to billet soldiers, or to appropriate property especially houses, land, boats, or ships, and churches, for temporary and military uses. § 20. Private property, unless forfeited by crimes or by offences of the owner against the safety of the army or the dignity of the United States, and after due conviction of the owner by court-martial, can be seized only by way of military necessity, for the support or other benefit of the army or of the United States. If the owner has not fled, the commanding and seizing officer will give receipts, which may serve the spoliated owner to obtain indemnity from his own government, or which, if the seized property consists in large magazines and stores, or extensive real property—such as the demolition of houses, or the seizure of extensive lands for the erection of fortifications—may be ultimately accounted for or disposed of by the treaty of peace concluding the war. § 21. The salaries of civil officers of the hostile government who remain in the invaded territory, and continue the work of their office, and can continue it according to the circumstances arising out of the war—such as judges, administrative or police officers, officers of city or communal governments—are paid from the public revenue of the invaded territory, until the military government has reason wholly or partially to discontinue it. Salaries or incomes connected with purely honorary titles, are always stopped. § 22. There exists no law or body of authoritative rules of action between hostile armies, except that branch of the law of nature and nations, which is called the law and usages of war on land. All municipal law of the ground on which the armies stand, or of the countries to which they belong, is silent and of no effect between armies in the field.