inference from this is, that the root-meaning of the Hebrew word is ‘to counsel,’ just as the root-meaning of the word Apostle is ‘one sent.’ These senses are just what the context requires. Koheleth turns round to see wisdom in comparison with, or contradistinction to, false hopes and false prudence, and asks how the man, that is, humanity, can tell the one from the other. His words are ‘what is,’ not ‘_who_ is the man,’ etc., equivalent to――‘in what way can humanity enter upon the results of the counsel,’ ‘or the king,’――the equivoke being, we believe, intentional, and the contracted relative giving a conditional turn to the sentence――‘with respect to that which at present he performs it.’ It would have been better if the word =with= had been printed in the notes with a small letter, as the division hardly amounts to a period, though the connexion is not close. The suffix of the verb refers back through the relative pronoun to counsel, and might be well rendered into English thus――‘In respect of which he at present takes that counsel.’ The LXX., contrary to their custom, omit ἤδη, because it is perhaps sufficiently included in ἐπελεύσεται, or because τὰ ὅσα ἤδη ἐποίησαν αὐτήν would not have been intelligible. It is evident this all squares with the context. Koheleth, as Solomon, discovered that with all his wisdom he could not practically discern the difference between this true wisdom and that false prudence which led him to accumulate only to be disappointed in his successor. 13 Then I saw ¹that wisdom │ Now, I have myself perceived excelleth folly, as far as │ that there must be a profit to light excelleth darkness. │ wisdom over false prudence as │ great as the profit of light ¹ _Hebrew_ that there is an │ over darkness. excellency in wisdom more │ than in folly, etc. │ (13.) =And I have seen, I= have (with the emphatic I again, as a personal experience) =that there is= (_i.e._ that there really is), =a profit to wisdom above folly= (these same _elaborate_ mistakes which look so like wisdom) =as the profit of the light above the darkness=. (Here profit is repeated, hence the meaning is ‘as great as the profit of light above darkness.’) =The wise, his eyes are in his head, but the fool= (_i.e._ the ‘deceived fool’――notice the hiphil form――equivalent to the befooled, but not necessarily by others――by himself also) =in darkness walks= (hence a wise man ought to be as much better off than a fool as a sighted man is better than one blind, but experience does not confirm this conclusion); =and I know also, I= (emphatic), =that the hap= (_i.e._ the result or what occurs) =is one happening= (present here as opposed to participial noun) =to all of them= (_i.e._ both wise and fools alike――equivalent in our idiom, ‘precisely the same result occurs to all’).