used to signify playing or singing in octaves, and was _synonymous_ with _Antiphony_. [Illustration: DOUBLE FLUTE. JOINED FLUTE. PHORBEIA.] =Greek Musical Notation=.—Our knowledge of Greek musical notation is very defective, being derived from only four or five specimens of ancient music, and a few small fragments. They appear to have used a _separate notation for each mode_, and these four hymns are apparently all in the same mode, but authorities differ as to the mode. They used the letters of their alphabet, both capital and small, written in various positions, sometimes upright, sometimes lying on one side. The notation for the lyre differed from that used for the voice. The letters representing the _vocal_ part were written _above the words_, those representing the _instrumental_ part, _below_ the _words_. These _letters represented_ the _pitch_ of the sounds, but _not_ their _duration_. The duration was regulated by the _meter_ of the poetry. Instead of a portion of one of these hymns, the first three lines of our National Hymn are given as a sample of this notation: R R Φ Γ R Φ σ σ Ρ σ Φ R Φ R Γ R My country ’tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing. These letters have been interpreted as indicating the following sounds, the transposed Hypo-Lydian Scale in its old form; that is, the Lesser Perfect System with G sharp as its keynote. [Music] =Greek View of Harmony=.—The question has been much debated as to whether or not the Greeks practiced harmony. It seems hardly possible with such a defective notation; but the best argument against it is, that there is not a word in any of the extant treatises as to combinations and successions of these combinations, and it is impossible that any art of harmony should have existed unless some rules for its employment should have been evolved. =Greek Terms in Music=.—The modern terminology of music is largely indebted to the Greek system, although many of the words have entirely changed their significance. The word Music itself, to the Greek, meant the whole circle of the sciences, especially Astronomy and Mathematics. Melody meant the rising and falling of the voice in either speaking or singing. Harmonia meant rather what we call Melody than our Harmony. This latter, namely, the sounding together of different sounds, was called Symphony. Antiphony originally meant singing in octaves, that is, men with women or boys. Chromatic and Enharmonic have already been explained. Diapason, now applied chiefly to organ stops, originally meant the octave; that is, “through all.” Diatonic has nearly retained its original meaning. Tone, Semitone and Tetrachord have retained their meaning, with the exception that in the modern tetrachord the halftone is at the other end. REFERENCES. Monro.—The Modes of Ancient Greek Music. Rowbotham.—History of Music. Oxford History of Music, Vol. I.