H.M.S. _Nottingham_ and H.M.S. _Falmouth_ (light cruisers) are torpedoed in the North Sea. The British submarine E23 torpedoes a German battleship, the _Westfalen_, in the North Sea. Aug. 20 (Sun.) The Somme Front:--The Germans counterattack unsuccessfully near Thiepval. Macedonia:--The Bulgarians capture Florina; a general offensive is launched by the Allies. Aug. 22 (Tues.) The Somme Front:--The British gain ground before Thiepval and near Pozières. Verdun:--The French advance between Fleury and Thiaumont Wood. The heights of the Jablonica Pass (Carpathians) are carried by the Russians. Macedonia:--The Bulgarians are driven back by the British and Serbians on the Doiran Front. East Africa:--Kilossa is captured by the British. Aug. 23 (Wed.) The Caucasus:--Bitlis is recaptured by the Russians (see Aug 2). The mercantile submarine _Deutschland_ arrives back in Germany (see July 9). A Zeppelin raid on the eastern counties of England. Aug. 24 (Thur.) The Caucasus:--Mush is recaptured by the Russians (see Aug. 2, 1916, and May 3, 1917). A Zeppelin raid on London and the eastern counties of England. Aug. 25 (Fri.) Macedonia:--The forts of Kavala are occupied by the Bulgarians. A raid by British naval aeroplanes on the Zeppelin sheds near Namur. H.M.S. _Duke of Albany_ (armed boarding-steamer) is sunk by a submarine in the North Sea. Aug. 26 (Sat.) The Somme Front:--A strong attack by the Prussian Guard near Thiepval is repulsed by the British. East Africa:--Mrogoro, the seat of German Government in the colony, is captured by the British. Aug. 27 (Sun.) Roumania declares war on Austria. Aug. 28 (Mon.) Germany declares war on Roumania. Italy declares war on Germany. The Roumanians invade Transylvania. Sir Stanley Maude assumes command of the British forces in Mesopotamia (see Nov. 18, 1917). British warships bombard the forts of Kavala. Aug. 29 (Tues.) Hindenburg succeeds Falkenhayn as Chief of the German General Staff. Brasso (Kronstadt) is occupied by the Roumanians (see Oct. 7). East Africa:--Neu Iringa is occupied by the British. Aug. 30 (Wed.) Turkey declares war on Roumania. The Russians advance in the Carpathians. Aug. 31 (Thur.) The Somme Front:--A German attack at High Wood is repulsed by the British. The Russians continue to advance in the Carpathians and take many prisoners. Sept. 1 (Fri.) An Allied naval demonstration at Athens. Bulgaria declares war on Roumania. Hermanstadt is occupied by the Roumanians. Sept. 2 (Sat.) The Russians capture the Ploska Height near the Jablonica Pass (Carpathians). Sept. 3 (Sun.) The Somme Front:--Guillemont and part of Ginchy are captured by the British; the French take Cléry. German and Bulgarian forces enter the Dobrudja. A Zeppelin raid on London and the Eastern Counties; a Zeppelin is brought down in flames at Cuffley by Lieut. W. L. Robinson. Sept. 4 (Mon.) The Somme Front:--The advance of the French and British continues.