ethical horizon in which he has been educated, especially when he deals with the history of other countries and other times than his own. Each historian regards his own nation as the torchbearer of civilization; its mores give him his ethical standards by which he estimates whatever he learns of other peoples.... In modern Russian literature may be found passages about the ‘Civilizing mission’ of Russia which might be translated, _mutatis mutandis_, from passages in English, French, or German literature about the civilizing mission of England, France, or Germany. Probably the same is true of Turkish, Hindoo, or Chinese literature. The patriotism of the historian rules his judgment, especially as to excuses and apologies for things done in the past, and most of all as to the edifying omissions,--a very important part of the task of the historian.... There is a compulsion on the historian to act in this way, for if he wrote otherwise, his fellow-countrymen would ignore his work.”[46] The habituation of patriotism finds in _symbols_ an instrument admirably suited to its purpose. The mind really reacts more strongly to symbols than it does to the facts of sense-experience. The potency of symbols does not suffer from the admixture of distractions by which direct sense-experience is accompanied. Symbols are more purely meaning, and they come with the momentum of their meaning. Now the word “country,” embodying an abstract and fairly simple idea, serves as a symbol and produces a pure emotion as in art. Other words and phrases could be named that are similar in the responses that they elicit. “The Monroe Doctrine” is one of the pet symbols of the United States. In patriotic poetry and hymnology the flag is featured. It is a symbol of the country. Children are taught to sing about the flag, by means of which a symbol is implanted in their minds, the love of music is appealed to, and patriotism is connected with their childhood sentiments. The appeal of symbols comes home to one when he stands at the dividing line between two countries, at Niagara Falls, let us say, and gazes upon two flags, one of them his own and the other not. At the present time Great Britain is our ally, but the emotion upon beholding the British flag is nothing as compared with the feeling of affection experienced upon beholding the American flag. The British emblem, though respected, is strange; the American flag is one’s own. Sumner discusses what he calls the tyranny of the apparatus of suggestion, that is, symbols or tokens, and from him is worth quoting the following pertinent passage: “The tyranny is greatest in regard to ‘American’ and ‘Americanism.’ Who dare say that he is not ‘American’? Who dare repudiate what is declared to be ‘Americanism’? It follows that if anything is base and bogus it is always labeled ‘American.’ If a thing is to be recommended which cannot be justified, it is put under ‘Americanism.’ Who does not shudder at the fear of being called