[Footnote 321: Sir W. Muir, with other European translators of the Koran, translates the word "they shall profess Islam" (The Life of Mahomet, Vol. IV, p. 39, _footnote_). It ought to be translated "they shall submit." There is a difference of opinion among the commentators and canonical legists in this word. Some translate the word _Yoslemoon_ "shall profess Islam," and others "shall submit." This difference in the interpretation of the same word is merely of a sectarian nature, each party wishing to serve their own purpose. Those legists who held that the polytheists and idolaters may either be fought against or be submitted to the authority of Islam by being tributaries, took the word in its proper sense of submission. Those who held that "the people of the Book" ought only to be made tributaries, while all other idolaters and polytheists should be compelled either to perish or to embrace Islam, interpret the word technically to mean the religion of Islam. But as the verse is not a legal command, we condemn at once the casuistic sophistry of the legists.] Appendix A ON THE WORD "JIHAD" AS OCCURRING IN THE KORAN AND WRONGLY TRANSLATED "WARFARE." [Sidenote: Jihad or Jihd does not mean war or crusade.] 1. The popular word _Jihad_ or _Jihd_, occurring in several passages of the Koran, and generally construed by Christians and Moslems alike as meaning hostility or the waging of war against infidels, does not classically or literally signify war, warfare, hostility or fighting, and is never used in such a sense in the Koran. The Arabic terms for warfare or fighting are _Harab_ and _Kital_. [Sidenote: Classical meaning of Jihad, &c.] 2. The words _Jahada_, and _Jahada_ signify that a person strove, laboured or toiled; exerted himself or his power, or efforts, or endeavours, or ability employed himself vigorously, diligently, studiously, sedulously, earnestly or with energy; was diligent or studious, took pains or extraordinary pains[322]; for example, the term _Jahada fil-amr_ signifies that a person did his utmost or used his utmost powers, or efforts, or endeavours, or ability in prosecuting an affair.[323] The infinitive noun _Jihadan_ also means difficulty or embarrassment, distress, affliction, trouble, inconvenience, fatigue, or weariness.[324] Jauharce, a lexicologist of great repute, whose work is confined to classical terms and their significations, says in his Sihah that _Jahada fi Sabeelillah_ or _Mojahadatan_ and _Jihadan_ and also _Ajtahada_ and _Tajahada_ mean expending power and effort. Fayoomee, author of _Misbahel Moneer_, which contains a very large collection of classical words and phrases of frequent occurrence, also says that _Jahada fi Sabeelillah Jihadan_ and _Ajtahada fil Amr_ mean he expended his utmost efforts and power in seeking to attain an object. [Sidenote: Post-classical or technical meaning of Jihad.]