11. I herein place in juxtaposition the several English translations of the word "_Jihad_," together with its etymological derivation and several grammatical forms, to show, in the first place, that Mr. George Sale and the Rev. J.M. Rodwell and other European authors generally give the literal, original, and classical meaning; and in the second place, to show how they differ in giving various meanings, literal and technical, in some passages to the same word in the same verses. It will be observed from a perusal of the statement, that the Rev. Mr. Rodwell, M.A., is more correct than the earliest English translator of the Koran, Mr. George Sale, and the latest, Mr. W.H. Palmer. The latter is the most unsatisfactory of all in this respect, as everywhere, except in six places--XXIX, 7; V, 39, 59; IV, 97; and IX, 74, 89--he translates _Jihad_ as meaning fighting--a circumstance which not unnaturally leads to the supposition that he had paid but slight heed to the context. |----+-----+----+----+----+--------------------------------------------- |Serial No. | | No. of the Chapter and the Verse of the Koran. | | | Original Words. ---------------------------- | | | | George Sale's Translation. } ENGLISH | | | | | Rev. Rodwell's Translation. } | | | | | | Henry Palmer's Translation. } TRANSLATIONS. |----+-----+----+----+----+--------------------------------------------- | 1 | | | XXXI. 14 | | | "Jahadaka" | | | | "Strive" | | | | | "Endeavour to prevail" | | | | | | "Strive." | 2 | | | XXV. 54 | | | "Jahid," "Jihadan." | | | | "Oppose them herewith with strong opposition." | | | | | "By means of the Koran strive against them with | | | | | a mighty strife." | | | | | | "Fight strenuously; strenuous fight." | 3 | | | XXII. 77 | | | "Jahidoo" | | | | "Fight in the defence of God's religion." | | | | | "Do valiantly" | | | | | | "Fight strenuously." | 4 | | | XVI. 111 | | | "Jahadoo" | | | | "Have since sought _in the_ defence of the true religion." | | | | | "Fought" | | | | | | "Fought strenuously." | 5 | | | XXIX. 5 | | | "Jahada" | | | | "Striveth" | | | | | "Maketh efforts" | | | | | | "Fight strenuously; fight strenuously." | 6 | | | XXIX. 7 | | | "Jahadaka" | | | | "Endeavour" | | | | | "Strive" | | | | | | "Strive." |----+-----+----+----+----+--------------------------------------------- |Serial No. | | No. of the Chapter and the Verse of the Koran. | | | Original Words. ----------------------------