9. Attack by Abu Sofian upon Medina, A.H. 2 12 10. Battle of Ohad 12 11. Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeat _ib._ 12. Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack next year 13 13. The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army. Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. A.H. 5 14 14. Mohammad with his followers advanced to perform the lesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish oppose Mohammad, who return disappointed. The treaty of Hodeibia 15 15. Violation of the treaty by the Koreish and their submission 16 16. Two other tribes assume the offensive _ib._ _III.--The Defensive Character of the Wars._ 17. Verses from the Koran in support of the defensive character of the wars 25 18. What the above quoted verses show 26 19. Justification of the Moslems in taking up arms against their aggressors 27 20. The first aggression after the Hegira was not on the part of Mohammad 28 21. The alleged instances examined 29 22. Hamza and Obeida's expeditions _ib._ 23. Abwa, Bowat, and Osheira expeditions 30 24. The affair at Nakhla 31 25. At Badr Mohammad came only in his defence 33 26. The first aggression after the Hegira if from Mohammad, might fairly be looked upon as retaliation 34 _IV.--The Jews._ 27. The Jews broke treaties _ib._ 28. Bani Kainukaa, Bani Nazeer, Khyber, and Ghatafan 35 29. Notice of them in Koran 37 30. The judgment of Sad 38 31. Defensive character of the expedition against the Jews of Khyber 40 _V.--The Christians or Romans._ 32. Tabuk, the last expedition _ib._ 33. Description of the wars concluded 41 _VI.--The Intolerance._ 34. Mohammad never taught intolerance 43 35. In what sense the wars were religious wars 44 36. The alleged verses of intolerance explained 45 37. Sir William Muir quoted 47 38. Comment on the above quotation 50 39. Object of Mohammad's wars 51 _VII.--The Ninth Chapter or Sura Barat._