IX. METHODS OF APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY 22 X. THE PROCESS OF LEARNING HISTORY 23 XI. THE ORGANIZATION OF HISTORY IN HIGH SCHOOLS 25 XII. THE HISTORY TEACHER'S PREPARATION AND EQUIPMENT 26 XIII. THE PUPIL'S PREPARATION AND EQUIPMENT 27 XIV. THE CLASSROOM 28 XV. THE ASSIGNMENT OF THE LESSON 29 XVI. THE STUDY LESSON 30 XVII. THE RECITATION LESSON 31 XVIII. THE REVIEW LESSON 35 XIX. THE LESSON IN CIVICS 35 XX. SOME PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY DOGMATICALLY STATED 36 XXI. SOME POSITIVE GUIDES AND SUGGESTIONS 37 _Bibliography on Methods_ 40 _A Selected List of American Historical Fiction_ 42 A GUIDE TO METHODS AND OBSERVATION IN HISTORY STUDIES IN HIGH SCHOOL OBSERVATION I. _Definitions._ 1. History is the science of the development of men in their activity as social beings.--_Bernheim._ 2. History is the biography of a political society or commonwealth.--_Arnold._ 3. History is the story of man living in social relations in the world.--_Hinsdale._ 4. History is a record of the actions of men.--_Anon._ 5. History is past politics.--_Freeman._ QUERIES 1. Which of the above definitions appeals to you most? Why? 2. Are there any criticisms to be made respecting any of the above definitions? 3. What common idea runs through all the above definitions? 4. Quote at least one other definition of history. 5. Formulate for yourself a thoroughly satisfying definition of history. II. _Aspects of History._ 1. Military. 2. Political and Constitutional. 3. Ecclesiastical. 4. Economic, Industrial, and Commercial. 5. Educational. 6. Literary. 7. Social. QUERIES 1. Which of the above mentioned aspects should receive the chief emphasis in the elementary school? In the high school? 2. Would the constituency of the schools affect the answer? 3. Would the year in which the course is offered in the high school affect the answer? 4. Can you name other factors that would affect the answer? 5. Precisely what phases of history would be included under each of the above aspects? 6. Do the aspects mentioned exhaust the categories? 7. So far as you have observed, are the practices in the high school, respecting the aspects of history to be taught, in accord with your ideals and theories? III. _Source Material for History._ 1. Primary Source Material. (_a_) Monuments, inscriptions, buildings, tablets, columns, coins, tools and utensils, tapestries, pottery, implements, and all archaeological and antiquarian material.