smaller scale. The pyramids of Ȧmenemḥāt I and Usertsen I were at Lisht, those of Ȧmenemḥāt II and Usertsen III were at Dahshûr, the pyramid of Usertsen II was at Al-Lâhûn, and that of Ȧmenemḥāt III was at Ḥawârah. Nobles and high officials built pyramidal tombs, usually about 30 feet high, which were supposed to contain the three essential parts of the tomb, the upper chamber, the pit, or shaft, and the mummy chamber; but as a matter of fact, the body was buried in the brickwork which formed the base of such a pyramid; there was no pit, and the pyramid itself represented the upper chamber. [Illustration: A section of the Second Pyramid of Gîzah, built by Khāfrā (Chephren), showing a piece of the original casing at the top, underground passage, and mummy chamber.] [Illustration: Entrance to the tomb of Khnemu-ḥetep, an official, at Beni Hasan. XIIth dynasty.] [Illustration: PLATE XV. View of a painted chamber in the tomb of the scribe Nekht. XVIIIth dynasty, about B.C. 1450.] [Illustration: PLATE XVI. Wall-painting from a tomb. _Scene_: Payment of tribute. Sûdânî men bearing rings of gold, logs of ebony, panther-skins, apes, etc. [Northern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 13, No. 520.]] =Rock-hewn tombs.=—The pyramid tomb was suitable for regions where the ground was flat, but the Egyptians who dwelt in places near mountains began at an early period of history to hew tombs in them. Thus at Aswân (Syene) the mountains on the west bank of the Nile contain three tiers of tombs, the oldest being those of nobles and governors of Elephantine under the VIth and VIIth dynasties. These are approached by means of a staircase cut in the slope of the hill, down the middle of which a smooth path was made for the purpose of drawing up the coffins and sarcophagi of the dead. At the top of the staircase the hill was scarped, and here the chambers of the tombs were hewn. The “false doors” were cut in the solid rock, and were above the mouth of the shaft, or pit, at the bottom of which, in chambers made for the purpose, the mummies were placed. Some of the tombs of the XIIth dynasty on the north side of the hill have long corridors leading to the mouths of the pits, and above these are the “false doors,” before which statues were sometimes placed. [Illustration: Entrance to a royal tomb in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings.] [Illustration: I. Ground Plan of the Tomb of Seti I, B.C. 1366. II. Section of the Tomb of Seti I. (From Lepsius, _Denkmäler_, Abth. I, Bl. 96.)] [Illustration: Wall-painting from a tomb. _Scene_: Servants of a high official bearing offerings to the tomb. [Northern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 12, No. 517.]]