[Greek: Hiarôn ho Deinomeneos kai toi Syrakosioi tô Di Tyran' apo Kymas]--"_Hieron son of Deinomenes and the Syracusans offer to Zeus Etruscan spoils from Kyme_." Hieron was tyrant of Syracuse from 478 to 467 B.C., in succession to his brother Gelon, and was one of the most prominent figures of the age. Gelon had nobly upheld the supremacy of the Greeks in the west by destroying a Carthaginian host at Himera, in the same year and, as the tale went, on the same day as the battle of Salamis. Hieron added to the brilliance of the Sicilian court, and signalised his naval power in the great repulse of the Etruscans. The ancient city of Kyme, near Naples, the earliest Greek colony in the west, was hard pressed by the neighbouring barbarians and by the civilised and powerful state of Etruria. The Greeks appealed for help to Hieron, and he sent them a fleet of warships, which beat the Etruscans in sight of the citadel of Kyme, and broke their sea-power for ever (474 B.C.). From the arms and treasure taken in the battle Hieron made the customary offering in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, and this helmet with its eloquent inscription was part of the dedicated spoil. For other votive helmets see below, p. 76. The votive spear-head, No. =14=, dedicated by an unknown Theodoros to (Zeus) Basileus, about 500 B.C., was probably found at Olympia. The occasion of the dedication is unknown, but it nearly resembles No. =15= (cast), which was dedicated at Olympia by the Methanians as spoil from the Lacedaemonians.[5] The original is at Berlin. Several spear-heads of this type have been found. They do not seem to be effective for use in battle, and they are therefore supposed to have been specially made for dedicatory purposes. It has also been suggested that they are spear-butts, but this does not seem probable. [Illustration: [Greek: Theodôros anethêke Basilei.] FIG. 8.--SPEAR-HEAD DEDICATED BY THEODOROS TO (ZEUS) BASILEUS. (NO. 14). 1:3.] =Emblem of Office.=--The bronze caduceus (No. =17=), (familiar as the emblem of the herald Mercury), is inscribed "I belong to the people of Longene," and was apparently the staff of the public herald of that town. It was found in a tomb in Sicily, and is of the fifth century B.C. The device is in the form of a staff, surmounted by a pair of intertwined serpents. =Roman military Life.=--This is illustrated by two of the Latin inscriptions here shown. The oblong bronze tablet No. =18= (figs. 9_a_ and 9_b_) is part of a Roman _diploma_, a document recording privileges in respect of citizenship and rights of marriage granted to a veteran soldier. The _diploma_ derived its name from the fact that it was composed of two tablets hinged together. [Illustration: FIG. 9_a_.--FRAGMENT OF A BRONZE _diploma_ (NO. 18). Ht. 5-1/2 in.]