[Illustration: EDWARD MUSSEY HARTWELL (1850-1922)] =THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION SERIES= EDITED BY R. TAIT MCKENZIE, B.A., M.D., M.P.E. MAJOR, ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL THERAPY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PHILADELPHIA A GUIDE TO THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION BY FRED EUGENE LEONARD, A.M., M.D. PROFESSOR OF HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN OBERLIN COLLEGE OBERLIN, OHIO ILLUSTRATED WITH 99 ENGRAVINGS [Illustration] LEA & FEBIGER PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK 1923 COPYRIGHT LEA & FEBIGER 1923 PRINTED IN U. S. A. TO THE MEMORY OF DR. EDWARD MUSSEY HARTWELL WHO FIRST IN AMERICA BLAZED THE TRAIL WHICH I HAVE TRIED TO FOLLOW PREFACE. Thirty years ago, when the writer of these lines was called to a professorship in physical education, there existed no comprehensive survey of the field he was entering. The reports of Dr. Hartwell contained excellent summaries which suggested our debt to the past and to foreign lands, and fuller treatment of certain earlier periods in the United States; but the English language offered little else of value. Suitable preparation of courses in the principles and methods of physical education required more ample knowledge of what others had done and were doing, and the task of finding out and gathering together the best of the European literature bearing on the subject was at once begun and has been continued ever since. A summer trip to Germany in 1896 whetted an appetite which later found satisfaction in an entire year (1900-1901) on the Continent, where the large special collections at the Stockholm Central Institute of Gymnastics and the Berlin _Turnlehrerbildungsanstalt_ supplied for the first time an opportunity to become familiar with the older books and periodicals. The year also contributed to the linguistic knowledge and experience needed for the handling of such material. The direct contact with historic spots and significant aspects of physical education in Europe which it brought was afterwards renewed and broadened by five months (February to June, 1913) spent at important centers in Switzerland, Germany, the three Scandinavian countries, and Great Britain.