of the Ling-Rothstein gymnastics and the Jahn _Turnen_. Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896), professor of physiology in the University of Berlin, entered the lists as a powerful champion on the side of the Turners.[77] On the last day of 1862 appeared an opinion from the highest medical authority in Prussia, the Royal Scientific Deputation for Medical Affairs, to the effect that exercises on the parallel bars “are justifiable and not to be rejected.”[78] It was therefore ordered that both parallel bars and horizontal bar should be used with civilian pupils. Rothstein withdrew from the school in 1863, left Berlin for Erfurt, his birthplace and early home, and died there March 23, 1865. [Illustration: FIG. 25.—Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896).] The later history of the Central Institute may be briefly outlined here. A second civilian teacher, Gebhard Eckler (1832-1907), was added in October of 1864. In 1877 the military and civilian sections, which had existed side by side, were permanently separated, the former retaining the old site on Scharnhorststrasse and hereafter called the Royal Military Institute of Gymnastics (_Königliche Militär-Turnanstalt_),[79] and the latter, under the name “Royal Training School for Teachers of Gymnastics” (_Königliche Turnlehrer-Bildungsanstalt_), opening its doors in temporary quarters on October 8, but after two years occupying its own new home at 229 Friedrichstrasse (October 15, 1879). As early as 1866 Euler had begun to conduct private classes for women who desired to become teachers of gymnastics, and in 1880 regular state courses were added to meet their special needs. The first of these began April 19 and closed July 6. Euler became “director of instruction” (_Unterrichtsdirigent_) in 1877, and Dr. Ignaz Küppers (1840-) was added as second director in 1891. Following Euler’s death, September 15, 1901, Eckler was given the same title (1902), but retired in 1905, followed by Küppers in October of the next year. A new office, that of director of the school, was now created, and its first incumbent (May, 1905) was Dr. Paul Diebow (1861-1920). In the autumn of 1911, after a further change of name (to _Landesturnanstalt_, April 1, 1908), the institution was moved to its present home in Spandau, eight miles northwest of Berlin, where it enjoys ample facilities for indoor and outdoor training of all sorts. The full course for men, at the outbreak of the Great War, covered seven months (April-November), and that for women six months (January-June). [Illustration: FIG. 26.—Carl Philipp Euler (1828-1901).]