To an American the German universities and technical schools seem singularly backward in the matter of physical education. At none of them is there a full professorship devoted to the subject, and at least a third have not even an instructor in gymnastics (_Turnlehrer_) on the teaching staff. There are two student associations which may be considered the survivors of the _Burschenschaften_ of Jahn’s day, so far as the practice of gymnastics is concerned. One of them, the _Akademischer Turnbund_, or “A. T. B.” (_Verband nichtfarbentragender akademischer Turnvereine und -Verbindungen auf deutschen Hochschulen_), organized June 27, 1883, on the Schweizerhöhe near Jena, included 39 societies and about 1900 student members in 1919, and belongs to the German _Turnerschaft_. Its first competitive meet (_Turnbundfest_) was held at Arnstadt, August 5 and 6, 1893, and the 6th at Coblenz July 28-31, 1912.[85] The other, the _Verband farbentragender Turnerschaften_, or “V. C.” (_Vertreter-Convent_), to which 55 societies with about 1800 student members belonged in 1919, was given its present name and form at a convention held in Berlin, June 11 and 12, 1885. Only a small proportion of its societies have affiliated themselves with the German _Turnerschaft_. The first general competitive meet (_Turnfest_) was held at Sangerhausen May 26-29, 1882, and the sixteenth in Gotha May 13-16, 1913.[86] In 1911 an _Akademischer Bund für Leibesübungen_ was formed, including the two associations mentioned, the _Akademischer Ruderbund_, the _Kartelverband akademischer Rudervereine_, the _Akademischer Sportbund_, and other similar organizations. This union held a “German Academic Olympia” in Breslau, August 1-3, 1911, and another at Leipzig, October 17-19, 1913. There had already been gatherings of this sort at Leipzig, July 11, 1909, and Berlin, July 2 and 3, 1910. There have been two attempts at a statistical survey of school gymnastics covering all of the German states, the first by J. C. Lion in 1873, and the second by Carl Rossow in 1908.[87] A general convention of German teachers of gymnastics was held in Berlin, August 9-11, 1861, in connection with the second general German _Turnfest_. Others have been held at intervals ever since, and at the twelfth (Hof a. Saale, July 17 and 18, 1893), a _Deutscher Turnlehrerverein_ (German Society of Teachers of Gymnastics) was formally organized. The eighteenth convention met in Breslau May 29 and 30, 1914.[88] BIBLIOGRAPHY. Euler’s “Geschichte des Turnunterrichts” and “Encyklopädisches Handbuch des gesamten Turnwesens” (see pp. 81 and 82). Handbuch des gesamten Turnwesens und der verwandten Leibesübungen. In Verbindung mit zahlreichen Fachmännern herausgegeben von Studienrat Prof. Dr. Rudolf Gasch, Dresden. Mit 44 Tafeln (teils in Farbendruck), mit 394 Einzelabbildungen und 566 Abbildungen im Texte. Wien und Leipzig, A. Pichlers Witwe & Sohn, 1920.