[188] “Congrès international de l’Éducation physique (programme and announcement), Paris, Faculté de Médecine, 17-20 Mars 1913.” PART II. UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XXI. THE FIRST INTRODUCTION OF THE JAHN GYMNASTICS INTO AMERICA. The different systems or sorts of physical training which were brought forward for trial and the agencies which promoted its spread in the United States during the nineteenth century fall into three groups, centered about 1830, 1860, and the decade from 1880 to 1890. The first group includes Captain Alden Partridge and his military academies;[189] the introduction of the Jahn gymnastics and the opening of school, college, and city or public outdoor gymnasia under the direction of the German refugees Beck, Follen, and Lieber; the attempt to provide manual labor as a system of exercise in educational institutions;[190] and the use of “calisthenics” for girls and women, by Catharine Beecher in her schools in Hartford and Cincinnati.[191] Space limits have prevented the discussion of any but the second member of this group in the present volume. The first school, college, and public gymnasia in the United States—all of them outdoor ones of the early Jahn type—were opened in the years 1825 and 1826 in Massachusetts, at Northampton, Cambridge, and Boston. All three were laid out and directed by university trained Germans, who had been active participants in the Jahn gymnastics in their student days and had left their native land for the United States in order to escape arrest or constant persecution under the reactionary policy adopted by the Holy Alliance. One of these men was Charles Theodore Christian Follen (German, _Karl Follenius_ or _Follen_), born September 4, 1796, in Romrod, a market-town north of the Vogelsberg. His father was counsellor at law and judge at Giessen, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and he received his own early training at the classical secondary school and the university in that city. When the German War of Liberation broke out, in 1813, like most of the Giessen students he joined the army, with his brothers August (later called Adolf Ludwig) and Paul, but was taken sick with typhus fever within a few weeks, and though he returned to his regiment afterwards he was never under fire. When peace was concluded (1814) he resumed the study of jurisprudence at Giessen, and in March of 1818 received his diploma from the university as doctor of the civil and ecclesiastical law. [Illustration: FIG. 67.—Charles Follen (1796-1840).]