Perhaps we should add that literary and pictorial curiosity, Henry de Laspée’s “Calisthenics, or the Elements of Bodily Culture on Pestalozzian Principles” (London, Darton & Co., 1856). A second edition was published in 1865 (London, Charles Griffin & Co.). [223] “The Biography of Dio Lewis,” prepared at the desire and with the coöperation of Mrs. Lewis by Mary F. Eastman. New York, Fowler & Wells Co., 1891. [224] The oldest gymnastic society (_Turnverein_) of the German type in the United States was the Cincinnati _Turngemeinde_, organized November 21, 1848. By October of 1853 there were at least seventy in existence, and by September of 1856 ninety-six societies, with a membership of about five thousand, had united into a national body and at least twenty more were known to have been formed. At the outbreak of the Civil War there were a total of one hundred and fifty-seven societies, in twenty-seven states of the Union. See pp. 290 and 291. [225] The beginning of rowing clubs in the United States goes back to 1833 and the few years following, and in the decade 1850-1860 interest in the sport spread all over the country. Baseball, starting in the forties and fifties, did not become a truly national pastime until the period immediately succeeding the Civil War. The “Caledonian games” of Scotch immigrants, forerunners of our track and field athletics, had been shown in Boston in 1853 and Hoboken in 1857, but did not become widely popular till the later sixties and seventies. Football existed only in its primitive form. [226] At the fourth commencement exercises of his Normal Institute for Physical Education, March 18, 1863. [227] See also the “Lectures Delivered before the American Institute of Instruction, at Boston, Mass., August 21, 1860, including the Journal of Proceedings, and a List of Officers” (published under the direction of the Board of Censors. Boston, Ticknor & Fields, 1861). The references to Dio Lewis occur on pp. 19-21, 23-25, 45 and 46, and 77 of the Journal of Proceedings. Another report of these sessions is printed in the _Massachusetts Teacher_, =13=, 378-393 (October, 1860). [228] Lewis had himself published articles on “Physical Culture” in the _Massachusetts Teacher_ for October and November of 1860 (=13=, 375-377 and 401-406), and in the latter month issued the first number of a monthly periodical, _Lewis’ New Gymnastics for Ladies, Gentlemen and Children, and Boston Journal of Physical Culture._ Vol. =2= (1862, January-November, with one extra number) bore the title _Lewis’s Gymnastic Monthly and Journal of Physical Culture_.