This chapter was first published in the _American Physical Education Review_ for June and September, 1906 (=11=, 83-95 and 187-198). It is given here in condensed form, with a few footnotes added. The chief sources of information have been already mentioned. FOOTNOTES: [222] Horace Mann (1796-1859), secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education 1837-1848, in the annual reports of the Board and in the ten volumes of the _Common School Journal_ which he edited (1839-1848) had much to say of school sanitation and the importance of instruction in personal hygiene. In pp. 56-160 of the sixth report (1843) he attempted to vindicate the title of a study of physiology and hygiene to “the first rank in our schools, after the elementary branches.” Perusal of successive reports of the annual meetings of the American Institute of Instruction from the first (1830) to the thirtieth (1859), and of the _Massachusetts Teacher_ from 1850 to 1860 (Vol. =3-12=) and Barnard’s _American Journal of Education_ 1855-60 (Vol. =1-8=) reveals a cumulative interest in the problem of physical education as the end of that period approached. A. A. Livermore’s article in the _North American Review_ for 1855 (=81=:51-69), Dr. D. W. Cheever’s in the _Atlantic Monthly_ for 1859 (=3=, 529-543), and Thomas Wentworth Higginson’s series which began in the latter magazine in March of 1858 (afterwards collected and published under the title “Outdoor Papers”) point in the same direction, as do also the twenty-first and twenty-second reports of the Massachusetts Board of Education (1858 and 1859), that of the Boston School Committee for 1859 (pp. 52 ff.), and a report to the New York State Teachers’ Association in the same year. “Tom Brown’s School Days,” first published in April of 1857, presented an attractive picture of vigorous boy-life; and the fourth chapter (Physical Education) of Herbert Spencer’s “Education” (New York, 1860), which had already appeared in the _British Quarterly Review_ of April 1, 1859, was certain to attract attention. The following were the recent manuals available: Paul Preston’s Book of Gymnastics (Boston, Munroe & Francis, 1842). A new edition, revised, was published in 1861 (New York, Charles S. Francis). Walker’s Manly Exercises, revised by “Craven” (Philadelphia, John W. Moore, 1856). P. A. Fitzgerald, “The Exhibition Speaker” (New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman, 1856). Pp. 223-268 are devoted to “Gymnastics and Calisthenics.” N. W. Taylor Root’s “School Amusements” (New York, A. S. Barnes & Co., 1857). Pp. 95-143 have to do with gymnastics. R. T. Trall, “The Illustrated Family Gymnasium” (New York, Fowler & Wells, 1857). George Forrest (John George Wood!), “A Handbook of Gymnastics” (London and New York, G. Routledge & Co., 1858).