A guide to the history of physical educationLeonard, Fred Eugene
History
A guide to the history of physical education
Leonard, Fred Eugene
Physical education and training; Physical education and training -- History
No analysis of this book can convey any idea of the charm and vigor of
its style, or of the lofty patriotism that pervades it. The preface
(pages iii-xlviii) tells the story of the Hasenheide Turnplatz, the
origin of the word Turnkunst, and how the present volume came to be
written. The author believes that, though incomplete, it reveals the
spirit of the workers, and will serve as a guide in similar undertakings
elsewhere. Only preliminary and fundamental forms of exercises have
been described; such others as fencing, swimming, dancing, and military
exercises must be left for a larger work. The early history of
gymnastics, especially in connection with popular festivals, deserves
careful investigation, for contests of strength and skill are a necessary
feature on these occasions. The German nomenclature of gymnastics is
explained and defended. Certain Prussian authorities who have proved
themselves promoters and patrons of Jahn’s efforts are mentioned; and
finally a gymnastic annual is promised, the first number to appear
the following year at Eastertide. Part I, The Gymnastic Exercises (pp.
3-166), is arranged in eighteen sections, devoted respectively to
walking, running, jumping, vaulting the horse, balancing, the horizontal
bar, the parallel bars, climbing, throwing, pulling, pushing, lifting,
carrying, holding the body outstretched horizontally, wrestling, jumping
with the hoop, and with the rope, and miscellaneous exercises. In each
case the necessary apparatus is described. Part II, Gymnastic Games
(pp. 169-183): Gymnastics and games are links in the same chain, and
a gymnasium without a playground is inconceivable; games prepare for
social life, and in them one comes to know his mates thoroughly; the
characteristics of a good game are given, and six selected games are
described—black man, prisoner’s base, knight and townsman, the hunt,
storming, and German ball. Part III (pp. 187-206) tells how to lay
out and fit up an outdoor gymnasium, and gives specifications for the
complete equipment of one which will accommodate four hundred persons
working in squads. Dimensions of each piece of apparatus, and of its
parts, are stated in detail, so that the cost in any given locality
can be figured out. Part IV (pp. 209-244) discusses the management of
the grounds and exercises, with sections on the art of gymnastics, the
gymnasium, the teacher, the exercises, the exercise period, costume,
meeting place (the _Tie_), and spectators; and gives the general and
special rules to be observed by the turners. Part V (pp. 247-288)
contains a classified bibliography of gymnastics, with about 170 titles;
and explains the plan of an outdoor gymnasium shown on the first of two
large folding plates. A portion of the first plate and all of the second
illustrate various forms of apparatus.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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