=The Skeleton in Primitive Fishes.=--To learn the names of bones we can deal most satisfactorily with the higher fishes, those in which the bony framework has attained completion. But to understand the origin and relation of parts we must begin with the lowest types, tracing the different stages in the development of each part of the system. [Illustration: FIG. 40.--Maxillary and premaxillary of _Sebastolobus alascanus_. M, maxillary; PM, premaxillary.] In the lancelets (_Leptocardii_), the vertebral column consists simply of a gelatinous notochord extending from one end of the fish to the other, and pointed at both ends, no skull being developed. The notochord never shows traces of segmentation, although cartilaginous rods above it are thought to forecast apophyses. In these forms there is no trace of jaws, limbs, or ribs. [Illustration: FIG. 41.--Part of skeleton of _Selene vomer_ (Linnæus).] In the embryo of the bony fish a similar notochord precedes the segmentation and ossification of the vertebral column. In most of the extinct types of fishes a notochord more or less modified persisted through life, the vertebræ being strung upon it spool fashion in various stages of development. In the Cyclostomi (lampreys and hagfishes) the limbs and lower jaw are still wanting, but a distinct skull is developed. The notochord is still present, but its anterior pointed end is wedged into the base of a cranial capsule, partly membranous, partly cartilaginous. There is no trace of segmentation in the notochord itself in these or any other fishes, but neutral arches are foreshadowed in a series of cartilages on each side of the spinal chord. The top of the head is protected by broad plates. There are ring-like cartilages supporting the mouth and other cartilages in connection with the tongue and gill structures. [Illustration: FIG. 42.--Hyostylic skull of _Chiloscyllium indicum_, a Scyliorhinoid Shark. (After Parker and Haswell.)] [Illustration: FIG. 43.--Skull of _Heptranchias indicus_ (Gmelin), a notidanoid shark. (After Parker and Haswell.)] [Illustration: FIG. 44.--Basal bones of pectoral fin of Monkfish, _Squatina_. (After Zittel.)]