In the _Siphonognathidæ_ the teeth are much as in the _Odacidæ_, but the body is very elongate, the snout produced as in the cornet-fishes (_Fistularia_), and the upper jaw ends in a long skinny appendage. _Siphonognathus argyrophanes_, from Australia, reaches a length of sixteen inches. =The Parrot-fishes: Scaridæ.=—The parrot-fishes, or _Scaridæ_, are very similar to the _Labridæ_ in form, color, and scales, but differ in the more or less complete fusion of the teeth, a character which varies in the different genera. Of these the most primitive is _Calotomus_, confined to the East Indies and Polynesia. In this genus the teeth are united at base, their tips free and imbricated over the surface of the jaw. The species are dull in color, reddish or greenish. _Calotomus japonicus_ is the Budai or Igami of Japan. _Calotomus sandwichensis_ and _Calotomus irradians_ are found in Hawaii, and _Calotomus xenodon_ on the off-shore islands of Mexico. In _Calotomus_ the dorsal spines are slender. In _Scaridea_ (_balia_) of the Hawaiian Islands the first dorsal is formed of pungent spines as in _Sparisoma_. [Illustration: FIG. 323.—Pharyngeals of Italian Parrot-fish, _Sparisoma cretense_ (L.). _a_, upper; _b_, lower. ] [Illustration: FIG. 324.—Jaws of a Parrot-fish, _Calotomus xenodon_ Gilbert. ] [Illustration: FIG. 325.—_Cryptotomus beryllinus_ Jordan & Swain. Key West, Florida. ] _Cryptotomus_ of the Atlantic is also a transitional group having the general characters of _Sparisoma_, but the anterior teeth more separate. The several species are all small and characteristic of the West Indian fauna, one species, _Cryptotomus beryllinus_, ranging northward to Long Island. [Illustration: FIG. 326.—_Sparisoma hoplomystax_ (Cope). Key West. ] In the large genus _Sparisoma_ the teeth are more completely joined. In this group, which is found only in the tropical Atlantic, the lower pharyngeals are broader than long and hexagonal. The teeth of the jaws are not completely united, the dorsal spines are pungent, the lateral line not interrupted, and the gill membranes broadly united to the isthmus. [Illustration: FIG. 327.—_Sparisoma abildgaardi_ (Bloch), Red Parrot-fish. Loro, Colorado. Family _Scaridæ_. ] Of the numerous species the dull-colored _Sparisoma flavescens_ is most abundant in the West Indies and ranges farther north than any other. _Sparisoma cretense_, the _Scarus_ of the ancients, is found in the Mediterranean, being the only member of the family known in Europe and the only _Sparisoma_ known from outside the West Indian fauna. Other West Indian species are the red parrot-fish, _Sparisoma abildgaardi_, _Sparisoma xystrodon_, _Sparisoma hoplomystax_, the last two being small species about the Florida Keys, and the handsome _Sparisoma viride_ from the West Indies. [Illustration: FIG. 328.—Jaws of Blue Parrot-fish, _Scarus cæruleus_ (Bloch). ]