A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Volume 2 (of 2)Jordan, David Starr
History
A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Volume 2 (of 2)
Jordan, David Starr
Fishes; Fishes -- Bibliography; Zoology -- History
=The Porcupine-fishes: Diodontidæ.=—In the remaining families of
_Gymnodontes_, there is no suture in either jaw, the teeth forming an
undivided beak. The _Diodontidæ_, or porcupine-fishes, have the body
spherical or squarish, and armed with sharp thorns, the bases of which
are so broad as to form a continuous coat of mail. In some of them, part
of the spines are movable, these being usually two-rooted; in others,
all are immovable and three-rooted. All are reputed poisonous,
especially in the equatorial seas.
In _Diodon_ the spines are very long, the anterior ones, at least,
movable. The common porcupine-fish, _Diodon hystrix_, is found in all
seas, and often in abundance. It is a sluggish fish, olive and spotted
with black. It reaches a length of two feet or more, and by its long
spines it is thoroughly protected from all enemies. A second species,
equally common, is the lesser porcupine-fish, _Diodon holacanthus_. In
this species, the frontal spines are longer than those behind the
pectoral, instead of the reverse, as in _Diodon hystrix_. Many species
of _Diodon_ are recorded from the Eocene, besides numerous species from
later deposits. One of these, as _Heptadiodon heptadiodon_ from the
Eocene of Italy, with the teeth subdivided, possibly represents a
distinct family. _Diodon erinaceus_ is found in the Eocene of Monte
Bolca and _Progymnodon hilgendorfi_ in the Eocene of Egypt.
[Illustration:
FIG. 362.—Rabbit-fish, _Chilomycterus schœpfi_ (Walbaum). Noank, Conn.
]
In the rabbit-fishes (_Chilomycterus_) the body is box-shaped, covered
with triangular spines, much shorter and broader at base than those of
_Diodon_. Numerous species are known.
_Chilomycterus schœpfi_ is the common rabbit-fish, or swell-toad of our
Atlantic coast, light green, prettily varied with black lines. The
larger, _Chilomycterus affinis_, with the pectoral fin spotted with
black, is widely diffused through the Pacific. It is rather common in
Japan, where it is the torabuku, or tiger puffer. It is found also in
Hawaii, and it is once recorded by Dr. Eigenmann from San Pedro,
California, and once by Snodgrass and Heller, from the Galapagos.
=The Head-fishes: Molidæ.=—The headfishes, or _Molidæ_, also called
sunfishes, have the body abbreviated behind so that the dorsal, anal,
and caudal fins seem to be attached to the posterior outline of the
head. This feature, constituting the so-called gephyrocercal tail is a
trait of specialized degradation.
[Illustration:
FIG. 363.—Headfish (adult), _Mola mola_ (Linnæus). Virginia.
]
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