The upper classes wore a garment next to the skin, under the tunic, called the _just-au-corps_; but amongst the lower classes the tunic was worn next to the skin. The _Tunic_ was made of linen or cloth, had short sleeves, and reached at first to the knees, but later to the ground. Over this was worn a _super-tunic_ corresponding to the Saxon tunica, with tight sleeves, reaching to the wrist, and subject to the same modification as the tunic. The _mantle_ was similar to the Saxon mantle, but was fuller. In later Norman times it was made of the finest cloth, and was lined with rich furs. There were several forms of cap, as illustrated in the plate. The lower limbs were covered with a kind of trousers called _chausses_. The shoes in early Norman times were quite plain, but later they were very elaborate, coloured, and had pointed toes. The costume of Norman ladies consisted of a robe, a mantle, and a couvre-chef. The _robe_ was worn with long sleeves, and in later times with long pendulous strips at the wrists, often of such a length that they had to be tied into knots to keep them from trailing on the ground. The skirt of the robe was long, full, and hung in folds on the ground. The _mantle_ was worn over the robe, and the head was covered, as in Saxon times, with a head-veil, which was now called the _couvre-chef_. The hair was worn plaited into two long tails. From illustrations in MSS. it is seen that the costumes of the lower classes during Norman times were similar to those worn during the three preceding centuries. [Illustration: PLATE 17.