_Taxodium distichum_ (the North American “Swamp Cypress”) has annual dwarf-branches, with distichous leaves, and cone-like “pneumathodia.” In the Tertiary period it was very common in the Polar regions. _Sequoia (Wellingtonia) gigantea_ is the famous Californian Giant-Fir, or Mammoth-Tree, which attains a height of 300 feet, a diameter of 36 feet, and is said to live for 1,500 years. _Cryptomeria japonica_ (Japan, China) has the least adnate ovuliferous scales; _Glyptostrobus_ (China); _Arthrotaxis_ (Tasmania); _Sciadopitys verticillata_ (the only species in Japan) has, like _Pinus_, scale-like leaves on the long-branches, of which those which are situated at the apex of the annual shoots support “double needles,” _i.e._ _dwarf-branches_ similar to the two-leaved dwarf-branches in _Pinus_, but without bud-scales, and with the two leaves fused together at the edges into one needle, which turns its upper surface away from the long-branch. Order 4. =Cupressaceæ= (=Cypresses=). _The leaves are opposite or verticillate_, sometimes acicular, but most frequently scale-like (Fig. 270). In the species with scale-like leaves, the seedlings often commence with acicular leaves (Fig. 272), and branches are sometimes found on the older plants which revert to this form, seeming to indicate that the acicular leaf was the original form (atavism). The so-called “_Retinospora_” species are seedling-forms of _Biota_, _Thuja_, _Chamæcyparis_, which have been propagated by cuttings, and retain the seedling-form. The flowers are monœcious or diœcious. The male flowers are short, and have shield-like stamens, bearing most frequently several pollen-sacs. The cover-scales and ovuliferous scales are entirely fused together and form _undivided_ cone-scales, _opposite or whorled_; _the ovuliferous scales_ have slight projections near _the base_ on which 1–2–several _erect ovules_ are developed (Fig. 274). Most frequently 2 cotyledons.--_Evergreen_ trees and shrubs. [Illustration: FIG. 270.--_Cupressus goveniana._] [Illustration: FIG. 271.--Portion of a branch of _Thuja orientalis_ (magnified). The leaf at the base on the right has a branch in its axil.] [Illustration: FIG. 272.--Seedling of _Thuja occidentalis_. The branch (_g_) is borne in the axil of the leaf _s_.] _Juniperus_ (Juniper). _Diœcious._ The cone-scales become fleshy and fuse together to form most frequently a 1–3 seeded “berry-cone.” ~_J. communis_ (Common Juniper) has acicular leaves, borne in whorls of three, and the “berry-cone” is formed by a trimerous whorl of cone-scales (Fig. 273). _J. sabina_ and _J. virginiana_ have “berry-cones” formed from several dimerous whorls of cone-scales; the leaves are connate and opposite, needle-and scale-like leaves are found on the same plant.~