USES. Several species are commonly cultivated in this country, partly on heaths and moors, and partly in plantations and as ornamental trees, such as Mountain Pine (_Pinus montana_, Cen. Eur.); Austrian Pine (_P. laricio_, Eur.); Scotch Fir (_P. silvestris_, Eur.); Weymouth Pine (_P. strobus_, N. Am.); common Red Pine (_Picea excelsa_, Cen. and N. Eur.); White Pine (_P. alba_, N. Am.); _Abies pectinata_ (Common Fir, S. and Cen. Eur); _A. nordmanniana_ (Crimea, Caucasus); _A. balsamea_ (N. Am.); _Tsuga canadensis_ (N. Am.); _Pseudotsuga douglasii_ (N.W. Am.); Larch (_Larix europæa_, Alps, Carpathians); _L. sibirica_ (N.E. Russia, Siberia).--The wood of many species, especially Pine, on account of its lightness and because it is so easily worked, is very well adapted for many useful purposes. The wood of the Yew-tree is very hard and is used for ornamental turning. Resin and Turpentine (_i.e._ Resin with essential oils, the name being derived from the Terebinth-tree, from which formerly a similar material was obtained) are extracted from _Pinus laricio_ and _P. pinaster_. Oil of Turpentine is obtained by distillation of turpentine with water; Tar by dry distillation of Pine-wood. Canada-balsam is from North American _Abies_-species (_A. balsamea_ and _Fraseri_). The officinal Turpentine is mainly obtained from _Pinus pinaster_ (South of France), _P. tæda_, _australis_, _strobus_ (Weymouth Pine) and other North American species; more recently also from _P. silvestris_ (Scotch Fir), _maritima_, _laricio_, _Picea excelsa_, and others; Venetian Turpentine, from Larch (S. Eur.) Amber is resin from a Tertiary plant (_Pityoxylon succiniferum_), closely related to the Pine, which grew especially in the countries round the South-East coast of the Baltic. _Pinus pinea_ (the Pine, S. Eur.) has edible seeds and also _P. cembra_ (in Cen. Eur. and Siberia). Order 3. =Taxodiaceæ.= The vegetative leaves and cone-scales are arranged spirally. The ovules (2–9) are situated either at the base of the ovuliferous scales, in which case they are erect; or at their centre, when they are generally more or less inverted. The ovuliferous scale is more or less united with the cover-scale, and projects beyond the surface of the cone-scale, like a comb (Fig. 269). The vascular bundles, which extend into the cover-scale, have the usual leaf-arrangement, viz. the wood placed above the bast; while those bundles which enter the ovuliferous scale have this arrangement of the bundles reversed. [Illustration: FIG. 269.--_Cryptomeria japonica._ Portion of longitudinal section through female flower. _d_ cover-scale; _f_ ovuliferous scale; _ov_ ovules; _fv_ and _fv’_ vascular bundles; the xylem is indicated by a wavy line, and the phlœm by a straight line.]