Order 2. =Tilletiaceæ.= Conidiophores undivided, generally several conidia arise at their apices.--_Tilletia tritici_, the _Stinkbrand on Wheat_ (Fig. 100). The mycelium lives in Wheat-plants, producing its spores in the ovary after the whole interior of this body has been destroyed by the mycelium, with the exception of the external layer of the wall of the ovary, which remains essentially unaltered and encloses the closely packed, firm mass of spores (Fig. 100 _d_). The grains of Wheat thus attacked are shorter and thicker than the sound ones, and the ears show the presence of this Fungus by their erect position, and the wide separation of the chaff (Fig. 100 _a_). The unpleasant odour of the ovary prior to the ripening of the spores, has given the name “Stinkbrand,” and, in like manner, its hardness when it encloses the ripe spores, is the reason of its being also called “Stonebrand.” On account of this hardness, the diseased grains are readily harvested together with the healthy ones, which become infected by the spores at the threshing. _T. lævis_ (_T. fœtens_) also occurs on Wheat and has smooth brand-spores. [Illustration: FIG. 101.--_Urocystis._ 1, _U. covalloides_. A spore-ball, magnified 450 times. 2–4, _U. anemones_: 2–3, brand-spores which are about to germinate (magnified 450 times). 4, Conidia, the two in a state of fusion, a third with vacuoles and division-wall, magnified 500 times.] _Entyloma_ (Fig. 96), a genus with numerous species, which appear in spots on the leaves of the host-plant, and _Tuburcinia_ (Fig. 98), which makes its appearance on the Primulaceæ, produce white conidia-spots on the surface of the host-plant. The first-named has single spores, the latter has its spores closely massed together.--_Urocystis_ (Fig. 101) has its spores surrounded by a number of small and lighter coloured barren spores. _U. occulta_, Rye-stem Blight, forms its spores in long streaks in the stems and leaves of the Rye, and does considerable damage. _U. cepulæ_ on Onions. _U. violæ_ forms large dark-violet swellings in the leaf-stalk and stems of Violets.--_Thecaphora_ (Fig. 102) appears in seedlings of _Convolvulus_ and _Astragalus_. As a means of protection against the Smut-Fungi which make their appearance on the different cereals, a submersion of the grains in a solution of blue vitriol (½%) for twelve hours, or better still, submerging for five minutes in water heated to 53–55° _C_ (Jensen’s method) is employed. [Illustration: FIG. 102.--_Thecaphora._ 1, _T. convolvuli_, a ball of spores, one of the brand-spores has emitted a septate branched conidiophore (× 520). 2, _T. affinis_, a ball of spores (× 520).] Class 3. =Mycomycetes, Higher Fungi.=