A Handbook of the English LanguageLatham, R. G. (Robert Gordon)
History
A Handbook of the English Language
Latham, R. G. (Robert Gordon)
English language -- Grammar; English language -- History
In the word _am_, as compared with _are_ and _art_, we find a sign of the
first person singular.
In the old forms _tellen_, _weren_, &c., we have a sign of the plural
number.
§ 284. In the Modern English, the Old English, and the Anglo-Saxon, the
peculiarities of our personal inflections are very great. This may be seen
from the following tables of comparison:--
_Present Tense, Indicative Mood._
_Mœso-Gothic._
_1st person._ _2nd person._ _3rd person._
_Singular._ Sôkja Sôkeis Sôkeiþ--_seek_.
_Plural._ Sôkjam Sôkeiþ Sokjand.
_Old High German._
_Singular._ Prennu Prennîs Prennit--_burn_.
_Plural._ Prennames Prennat Prennant.
_Icelandic._
_Singular._ Kalla Kallar Kallar--_call_.
_Plural._ Kôllum Kalliþ Kalla.
_Old Saxon._
_Singular._ Sôkju Sôkîs Sôkîd--_seek_.
_Plural._ Sôkjad Sôkjad Sôkjad.
_Anglo-Saxon._
_Singular._ Lufige Lufast Lufað.
_Plural._ Lufiað Lufiað Lufiað.
_Old English._
_Singular._ Love Lovest Loveth.
_Plural._ Loven Loven Loven.
_Modern English._
_Singular._ Love Lovest Loveth (or Loves).
_Plural._ Love Love Love.
§ 285. Herein remark; 1. the Anglo-Saxon addition of t in the second person
singular; 2. the identity in form of the three persons of the plural
number; 3. the change of -að into -en in the Old English plural; 4. the
total absence of plural forms in the Modern English; 5. the change of the
th into s, in _loveth_ and _loves_. These are points bearing especially
upon the history of the English persons. The following points indicate a
more general question:
1. The full form _prennames_ in the newer Old High German, as compared with
_sôkjam_ in the _old_ Mœso-Gothic.
2. The appearance of the r in Icelandic.
3. The difference between the Old Saxon and the Anglo-Saxon in the second
person singular; the final t being absent in Old Saxon.
§ 286. _The person in -t._--The forms _art_, _wast_, _wert_, _shalt_,
_wilt_, or _ar-t_, _was-t_, _wer-t_, _shal-t_, _wil-t_, are remarkable.
Here the second person singular ends, not in -st, but in t. The reason for
this is to be sought in the Mœso-Gothic and the Icelandic.
In those languages the form of the person changes with the tense, and the
second singular of the præterite tense of one conjugation is, not -s, but
-t; as Mœso-Gothic, _svôr_ = _I swore_, _svôrt_ = _thou swarest_, _gráip_ =
_I griped_, _gráipt_ = _thou gripedst_; Icelandic, _brannt_ = _thou
burnest_, _gaft_ = _thou gavest_. In the same languages ten verbs are
conjugated like præterites. Of these, in each language, _skal_ is one.
_Mœso-Gothic._
_Singular._ _Dual._ _Plural._
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