20. Exhibit, in a tabular form, the languages and dialects of the Celtic stock. To which division did the Gallic of ancient Gaul, and the Pict belong? Support the answer by reasons. What were the relations of the Picts to the Gaelic inhabitants of Scotland? What to the Lowland Scotch? What to the Belgæ? 21. Explain the following words--_petorritum_, _pempedula_, _candetum_, _Epona_, _Nantuates_, _peann fahel_ and _Bernicia_. What inferences do you draw from the derivation of them? 22. Exhibit, in a tabular form, the languages and dialects of the Classical stock. 23. What is the bearing of the statements of Tacitus and other ancient writers respecting the following Germanic populations upon the ethnological relations of the Angles,--Aviones, Reudigni, Suevi, Langobardi, Frisii, Varini? 24. What is meant by the following terms, Provençal, Langue d'Oc, Langue d'Oyl, Limousin, and Norman-French? 25. What languages, besides the Celtic and Latin, enter into the composition of the French? * * * * * PART II. HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. * * * * * CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. § 70. The Celtic elements of the present English fall into five classes. 1. Those that are of late introduction, and cannot be called original and constituent parts of the language. Some of such are the words _flannel_, _crowd_ (a fiddle), from the Cambrian; and _kerne_ (an Irish foot-soldier), _galore_ (enough), _tartan_, _plaid_, &c., from the Gaelic branch. 2. Those that are originally common to both the Celtic and Gothic stocks. Some of such are _brother_, _mother_, in Celtic _brathair_, _mathair_; the numerals, &c. 3. Those that have come to us from the Celtic, but have come to us through the medium of another language. Some of such are _druid_ and _bard_, whose _immediate_ source is, not the Celtic but the Latin. 4. Celtic elements of the Anglo-Norman, introduced into England after the Conquest, and occurring in that language as remains of the original Celtic of Gaul. 5. Those that have been retained from the original Celtic of the island, and which form genuine constituents of our language. These fall into three subdivisions. a. Proper names--generally of geographical localities; as _the Thames_, _Kent_, &c. b. Common names retained in the provincial dialects of England, but not retained in the current language; as _gwethall_ = _household stuff_, and _gwlanen_ = _flannel_ in Herefordshire. c. Common names retained in the current language.--The following list is Mr. Garnett's:-- _Welsh._ _English._