The extent to which this is actually the case has only been partially investigated. It is certain, however, that some French words are Norse or Scandinavian. Such, for instance, are several _names of geographical localities_ either near the sea, or the river Seine, in other words, within that tract which was most especially occupied by the invaders. As is to be expected from the genius of the French language, these words are considerably altered in form. Thus, NORSE. ENGLISH. FRENCH. Toft Toft Tot. Beck Beck Bec. Flöt Fleet[33] Fleur, &c. and in these shapes they appear in the Norman names _Yvetot_, _Caudebec_, and _Harfleur_, &c. Now any words thus introduced from the Norse of Scandinavia into the French of Normandy, might, by the Norman Conquest of England, be carried further, and so find their way into the English. In such a case, they would constitute its _indirect_ Scandinavian element. A list of these words has not been made; indeed the question requires far more investigation than it has met with. The names, however, of the islands _Guerns-ey_, _Jers-ey_, and _Aldern-ey_, are certainly of the kind in question--since the -ey, meaning _island_, is the same as the -ey in _Orkn-ey_, and is the Norse rather than the Saxon form. § 77. _Latin of the third period._--This means the Latin which was introduced between the battle of Hastings and the revival of literature. It chiefly originated in the cloister, in the universities, and, to a certain extent, in the courts of law. It must be distinguished from the _indirect_ Latin introduced as part and parcel of the Anglo-Norman. It has yet to be accurately analyzed. § 78. _Latin of the fourth period._--This means the Latin which has been introduced between the revival of literature and the present time. It has originated in the writings of learned men in general, and is distinguished from that of the previous periods by: 1. Being less altered in form: 2. Preserving, with substantives, in many cases its original inflections; _axis_, _axes_; _basis_, _bases_: 3. Relating to objects and ideas for which the increase of the range of science in general has required a nomenclature. § 79. _Greek._--Words derived _directly_ from the Greek are in the same predicament as the Latin of the third period--_phænomenon_, _phænomena_; _criterion_, _criteria_, &c.; words which are only _indirectly_ of Greek origin, being considered to belong to the language from which they were immediately introduced into the English. Such are _deacon_, _priest_, &c., introduced through the Latin. Hence a word like _church_ proves no more in regard to a Greek element in English, than the word _abbot_ proves in respect to a Syrian one.